North America in 1750
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India Treaty of Paris
North America in 1763
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials
The road to conflict between the British and the Colonists
Real Whigs Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? Theories of Representation
1. Sugar Act Currency Act Stamp Act Quartering Act George Grenville’s Program,
1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. A He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. A Tax these imports paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. A Increase custom officials at American ports established a Board of Customs in Boston. Townshend Duties Crisis:
BritainAmericans Advantages?? Disadvantages?? On the Eve of the Revolution ?
LoyalistStrongholds
Washington’s Headaches Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. State/colony loyalties. Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. Poor training…until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.
Exports & Imports:
Military Strategies Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. The AmericansThe British Break the colonies in half by getting between the North & the South Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.
Phase I: The Northern Campaign [ ]
Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Phase II: NY & PA [ ]
New York City in Flames (1776)
Washington Crossing the Delaware What are the anomalies in this painting? Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? A modern-day re-enactment
Phase III: The Southern Strategy [ ]
Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable and worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] Good US General: Nathanial Greene
The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse
Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 “The World Turned Upside Down!”
North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783
Wholesale Price Index:
Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Could not tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches.
State Constitutions Republicanism. Most had strong governors with veto power. Most had bicameral legislatures. Property required for voting. Some had universal white male suffrage. Most had bills of rights. Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion.
Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s
Indian Land Cessions:
Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.:
State Claims to Western Lands
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! Statehood achieved in three stages: 1.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2.When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature. 3.When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.
The United States in 1787
American Exports, To & From Britain:
Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.
Shays’ Rebellion: Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.
Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington