1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The
American
Revolution:
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

3. Revolutionary War
When the war began, the British had a clear military advantage:
400% larger & more experienced army
More money
The world’s most dominant navy
Manufacturing to make war supplies

4. Revolutionary War
Britain under-estimated the colonial commitment to independence
But, the American colonists had:
Familiarity with the environment
A commitment to win the war
Short supply lines to their soldiers
A defensive strategy to outlast the British
To win, the English had to find & defeat the Continental Army

5. Loyalist
Strongholds

6. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

7. Exports & Imports:

8. Differing Military Strategies
The Americans
General Washington
The British
General Gage
Outlast the British
Defend colonial lands & drag out the war
Guerilla tactics
Make an alliance with France
Divide & Conquer
Use Loyalists, seize property, encourage slave revolts
Split the Northern & Southern colonies
Blockade ports to prevent trade
As long as Britain did not defeat the Continental Army, England could not win

9. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

10. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

11. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

12. New York City in Flames (1776)

13. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

14. A modern-day re-enactment
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

15. Near Starvation at Valley Forge, PA in 1778

16. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

17. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

18. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

19. The Battle of Yorktown Video
By 1781, Washington trapped the army of British General Cornwallis between the Continental Army & the French navy
America the Story of Us video on Yorktown (3.00)

20. Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”
The Battle of Yorktown
General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in 1781, ending the American Revolution
Why the Americans won the Revolutionary War: America Story of Us video (3.20)
Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”

21. Why
did the British
Lose???

22. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

23. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

25. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

26. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

27. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

28. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

29. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

30. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

31. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

32. State Claims to Western Lands

33. Land Ordinance of 1785

34. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

35. The United States in 1787

36. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

37. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

38. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

39. Shays’ Rebellion:

40. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington