Larry J. Siegel Brandon C. Welsh David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. Hughes University of Arkansas at Little Rock Chapter 14 Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

Chapter Goals  Distinguish between community and institutional treatment  Be familiar with probation  Be aware of new approaches in probation  Understand key historical development in secure juvenile corrections  Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions  Understand key issues facing the institutionalized juvenile offender  Be able to identify various correctional treatment approaches  Understand right of juveniles to treatment  Know nature of aftercare

PowerPoint Analysis Assignment (4-7 slides) How effective are the following prevention strategies in successfully rehabilitating the juvenile delinquent? What treatment strategies might be used with these prevention strategies?  Electronic monitoring  Juvenile intensive probation supervision  Boot camps  Juvenile institutions Create a PowerPoint presentation explaining the pros and cons of each strategy, and its overall statistical success.

Community Treatment  Efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need  Various forms of such treatment include:  Probation  Treatment services  Restitution  Foster homes  Small group homes  Boarding schools  Counseling  Vocational training

Institutional Treatment  Correctional centers operated by federal, state and/or county governments  Restrict movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls  Various types of such treatment include:  Reception centers  Specialized facilities  Training schools  Ranch/forestry camps  Boot camps

Probation  Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision  Primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system  Characterized by:  Established set of rules  Treatment in the community  Close supervision to ensure adherence to rule and accountability

Field Trip  Last one of the course: We are off to juvi detention.  YR5Gc YR5Gc

Historical Development of Community Treatment  Historically rooted in juvenile justice system  Expanded in 1960s in response to deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders  Contemporary probation is characterized by:  Considered the backbone of community treatment for juveniles  Most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges  Direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in community under court supervision  Conditions of probation vary, but typically involve basic rules such as… attending school, participating in counseling, staying out of trouble, remaining in the jurisdiction, etc.  Often ordered for indefinite period of time

Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers  Typically involved at four stages of juvenile process:  Intake  Screen complaints and make case decisions  Predisposition  Participate in release or detention decisions  Adjudication  Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision  Prepare pre dispositional reports containing pertinent, comprehensive information regarding the juvenile  Post disposition  Provide juvenile with supervision and treatment in the community  Monitor conditions of probation  Report progress of juvenile to court

Probation Innovations  Intensive supervision  Treating juveniles normally sent to secure confinement in community as part of small specialized caseload  Goals are decarceration, control, and maintaining community ties and reintegration  Electronic monitoring  House arrest coupled with electronic monitoring is common  Effectiveness is debatable  Seems to be effective only with certain populations

Probation Innovations  Restorative justice  Nonpunitive strategy that attempts to address issues that produce conflict between parties  Characterized by seven core values  Key is restoration rather than retributions  Balanced probation  Integrates community protection, accountability, competency, and individualized attention to juvenile  Restitution  Can take on several forms: monetary, victim service, community service

Probation Innovations  Residential community treatment  Residential programs are non secure facilities where juveniles are closely monitored  Group home are non secure residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living  Foster care program involve placement of juvenile with families  Family group homes are a combination of foster care and group homes  Rural program provide recreational activities or work for juveniles

Secure Corrections  History of juvenile institutions  Early institutions housed juveniles and adults  Reform schools emerged, then the cottage system  Creation of first juvenile court changed juvenile institutions  Civilian Conservation Corps began to emerge  U.S. Children’s Bureau sought to reform juvenile institutions  Focus on least restrictive alternative  Removal of status offenders from secure confinement  Conditions of confinement worsened due to overcrowding and overuse

Juvenile Institutions Today  Most delinquent juveniles housed in public facilities  Most status offenders housed in private facilities  Custody rates vary widely among states  Physical conditions of institutions also vary widely among the states  Typical resident in juvenile facility is:  17 years of age  European American  Male  Incarcerated for average stay of 3 ½ months  Minority youth more likely to receive incarceration

Juvenile Inmates  Males make up most of institutionalized youth  Number of females increasing in recent years  Most institutions employ some form of treatment program  Purpose of juvenile correctional system is rehabilitation of juvenile offender  Individual treatment  Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification  Group treatment  Guide group interaction  Positive peer culture

Educational, Vocation, and Recreational Programs  Educational programs  Often best staffed areas, but still inadequate  Vocational programs  Range from auto repair to computer training  Common drawback is sex-typing  Wilderness programs  Involve outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction  Juvenile boot camps  Combine get tough approaches with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training

Legal Right to Treatment  Concept introduced to mental health field in 1960  Applied to juveniles in 1972  US Supreme Court has:  Established minimum standards for juvenile in training schools  Prohibited the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions  Limited right of juvenile to treatment

Juvenile Aftercare and Reentry  Aftercare is transitional assistance to juvenile to help them adjust to community life  Reentry is the process of returning to society upon release form a secure custody facility  Services provided to juveniles:  Supervision by parole officers or caseworkers  Additional services needed for successful transition  Intensive Aftercare Program  Balanced, highly structured, comprehensive continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to community

Future of Juvenile Corrections  New forms of probation supervision  Debate regarding community versus institutional treatment  Debate regarding effectiveness of correctional treatment versus delinquency prevention  Focus on deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders  Disproportionate minority incarceration an issue  Aftercare and reentry services have become a critical part of successful transition to community  Future of legal rights remains uncertain

Conclusion  Distinguish between community and institutional treatment  Be familiar with probation  Be aware of new approaches in probation  Understand key historical development in secure juvenile corrections  Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions  Understand key issues facing the institutionalized juvenile offender  Be able to identify various correctional treatment approaches  Understand right of juveniles to treatment  Know nature of aftercare

Key Terms  Community Treatment  Suppression Effect  Probation  Juvenile Probation Officer  Social Investigation Report  Conditions of Probation  Intensive Probation Supervision  House Arrest  Electronic Monitoring  Balanced Probation  Monetary Restitution  Victim Service Restitution  Community Service Restitution  Residential Programs  Group Homes  Foster Care Programs  Family Group Homes  Rural Programs  Reform Schools  Cottage System  Least Restrictive Alternative  Individual Counseling  Psychotherapy

Key Terms, Continued  Reality Therapy  Behavior Modification  Group Therapy  Guided Group Interaction  Positive Peer Culture  Milieu Therapy  Wilderness Probation  Boot Camps  Meta-Analysis  Right to Treatment  Aftercare  Reentry  Intensive Aftercare Program

The End Chapter 14 Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization