Toward the Modern Consciousness Chapter 13, Section 4

Changes in Science Reason and rationalism still important to scientists Scientists began to branch away from the ideas of Newton Before, they had believed the universe to be like a machine Said space and time acted independently of observers Marie Curie Significant in discovery of radiation Albert Einstein Explained space and time are connected to the observer

Studying the Mind Sigmund Freud most famous for his method of psychoanalysis Therapist and patient work together to probe deeply into patient’s memory Said human behavior is influence by past experiences Also developed theories of the conscious and unconscious mind

Social Darwinism Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” applied to everyday life Explained success and failures of the upper and lower classes Ideas spread quickly in Germany Friedrich von Bernhardi and Houston Stewart Chamberlain used this to push war, explain the existence of the Aryan race in Germany

Breeding Hatred Anti-Semitism Zionism Intense hatred for the Jewish people Many reasons, ranging from murder of Christ to economic concerns in countries Pogroms, or organized massacres, occurred across Europe Jewish people began to emigrate to areas like the United States to escape this Zionism Movement to create a new Jewish national state

Entertainment and the Arts Modernism The changes produced when artists rebelled against the normal literary and artistic styles Literature, art, and music examined issues like feminism, alcoholism, and the urban slums Claude Monet practiced impressionist art Traveled to the countryside to paint nature directly Pablo Picasso emerged as a famous modern artist Cubism - used geometric designs to recreate reality