Historical and Cultural context Describe and evaluate the cultural context and development, the conceptual framework, the methodology, and the application of the learning model Describe and evaluate the cultural context and development, the conceptual framework, the methodology, and the application of the learning model

What Historical and cultural conditions gave rise to the biological perspective? Dualism Dualism Darwin Darwin Cultural acceptance of scientific method Cultural acceptance of scientific method Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention The development of genetics and scanning studies The development of genetics and scanning studies

Historical and cultural conditions Biological Biological Dualism Dualism Darwin Darwin Cultural acceptance of scientific method Cultural acceptance of scientific method Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention The development of genetics and scanning studies The development of genetics and scanning studies Learning reaction to subjective study of the mind Particularly: Psychodynamic perspective emphasis on scientific study of observable behaviour

Contribution of the each perspective to the scientific study of behaviour, Biological Biological localization of function in the brain localization of function in the brain genetic contributions to explanations of behaviour, for example, twin and adoption studies genetic contributions to explanations of behaviour, for example, twin and adoption studies effects of hormonal change on behaviour, such as melatonin and serotonin in the sleep– wake cycle effects of hormonal change on behaviour, such as melatonin and serotonin in the sleep– wake cycle biological correlates of behaviour biological correlates of behaviour Learning experimental testing of hypotheses

Compare the key concepts Biological Biological endocrine system endocrine system role of genes role of genes central nervous system (organization and function) central nervous system (organization and function) neurotransmitters (general mode of action) neurotransmitters (general mode of action) bodily rhythms such as the sleep–wake cycle bodily rhythms such as the sleep–wake cycle Learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning Radical behaviorism social learning theory cognitive maps+latent learning biological preparedness critical periods in learning Law of effect

Compare the assumptions Biological Biological biological factors (such as genes and hormones) influencing behaviour (for example, innate tendency to imprint) biological factors (such as genes and hormones) influencing behaviour (for example, innate tendency to imprint) relative importance of inherited disposition relative importance of inherited disposition relevance of animal research relevance of animal research Learning only observable, objective behaviour should be studied learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement innate predisposition to learning

Other assumption on learning The majority of behaviour is learned from the environment after birth. The majority of behaviour is learned from the environment after birth. Psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning. Psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning. Behaviour is determined by the environment, since we are the total of all our past learning experiences, freewill is an illusion Behaviour is determined by the environment, since we are the total of all our past learning experiences, freewill is an illusion

evaluation of the assumptions of the learning perspective comparison with other perspectives to explain strengths and limitations comparison with other perspectives to explain strengths and limitations empirical studies that challenge or support empirical studies that challenge or support

Compare theoretical explanations of behavior Biological Biological use of drugs, surgical procedures use of drugs, surgical procedures physiological impairment, such as strokes, brain injuries or Alzheimer’s disease physiological impairment, such as strokes, brain injuries or Alzheimer’s disease physiological factors involved in emotion physiological factors involved in emotion influence of hormones influence of hormones Learning classical and operant conditioning shaping social learning, modelling learned helplessness

Compare Methods used Biological Biological correlational studies correlational studies double-blind trials double-blind trials experiments experiments interviews interviews case studies case studies questionnaires questionnaires Learning experiments observations case studies

Compare Methods used Biological Biological reliability and validity reliability and validity Learning replicability ecological validity

Compare Methods used--ethics Biological Biological use of human participants for research use of human participants for research use of non-human animals for research use of non-human animals for research Learning use of human participants for research use of non-human animals for research

Application-Contribution Biological Biological Education (gender differentiated classrooms, memory) Education (gender differentiated classrooms, memory) Work (shift patterns and stress) or Work (shift patterns and stress) or treatment (for example, drug therapy for dysfunctional behaviours) treatment (for example, drug therapy for dysfunctional behaviours) Learning Education (programmed learning), work (for example, modelling of behaviours) or therapy (for example, systematic desensitization)

Effectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining genders and gender role differentiation Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining genders and gender role differentiation

Effectiveness

Compare Biological Biological Hormonal Hormonal Story of Dr. Money and David/Brenda Story of Dr. Money and David/Brenda Learning Social learning and modeling Conditioning

Effectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining aggression Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining aggression

Effectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining stress Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining stress

strengths Biological Biological The approach is very scientific. The approach is very scientific. Practical applications have been extremely effective. Practical applications have been extremely effective. Learning Behaviourism was very scientific, with high levels of reliability. It has many practical applications which have been very effective

weaknesses Biological Biological Reductionist - it explains thoughts and behaviours in terms of the actions of neurons and biochemicals. This may ignore other more suitable levels of explanation and the interaction of causal factors. Reductionist - it explains thoughts and behaviours in terms of the actions of neurons and biochemicals. This may ignore other more suitable levels of explanation and the interaction of causal factors. Learning The approach is reductionist - explaining a great deal of phenomena using only a few simple principles.

weaknesses Biological Biological It has not explained how mind and body interact - consciousness and emotion are difficult to study objectively. It has not explained how mind and body interact - consciousness and emotion are difficult to study objectively. Learning Heavy reliance on animal research - discounts the qualitative difference between humans and non-human animals.

weaknesses Biological Biological Biopsychological theories often over- simplify the huge complexity of physical systems and their interaction with the environment Biopsychological theories often over- simplify the huge complexity of physical systems and their interaction with the environment Learning Ignores important mental processes involved in learning. Highly deterministic. Questionable ecological validity

Writing an essay A good psychology essay does these things: It answers the question – It uses terms from the question It includes a detailed description with studies and/or theories It includes an evaluation of studies and/or theories It includes evaluation linked to the question – It “pokes holes” in the question – It shows depth of understanding

Writing an essay Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the cognitive perspective.

Writing an essay Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Evaluate This command term asks you to make an appraisal of the argument or concept under investigation or discussion. You should weigh the nature of the evidence available, and identify and discuss the convincing aspects of the argument, as well as its limitations and implications.

Writing an essay Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Theories: Learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning classical conditioning, operant conditioning observational learning observational learning cognitive maps cognitive maps biological preparedness biological preparedness critical periods in learning critical periods in learning classical and operant conditioning shaping social learning, modelling learned helplessness

Writing an essay Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Experiments: Learning Social learning Social learning Pavlov Pavlov Skinner Skinner Tolman Tolman Watson Watson

Writing an essay Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Strengths/weakness The approach is reductionist - The approach is reductionist - Heavy reliance on animal research - Heavy reliance on animal research - Ignores important mental processes involved in learning. Ignores important mental processes involved in learning. Highly deterministic. Highly deterministic. Questionable ecological validity Questionable ecological validity Behaviourism was very scientific, with high levels of reliability. It has many practical applications which have been very effective.