Overarching Unit Question: How does a society evolve and change? To what extent can revolutions be viewed as a process? To what extent are revolutions successful in implementing philosophical ideals? Specific Essential Questions:

Brinton’s Phase 1: The Old Order Causes of the French Revolution Weak leadership Class conflict Intellectuals speak out Weak economy

EstatePopulationPrivilegesExemptionsBurdens First Estate > 1% of pop High-ranking clergy Collected the tithe Censorship of the press Control of education Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) Owned % of the land Paid no taxes Subject to Church law rather than civil law Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy Support the monarchy and Old Regime Second Estate about 2 % of pop Nobles Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues Monopolized military and state appointments Owned 20% of the land Paid no taxesSupport the monarchy and Old Regime Third Estate 98% of pop Circa 25,000,000 Everyone else: bourgeoisie (artisans and merchants), city workers, peasants None Paid all taxes Tithe (Church tax) Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities) Corvée (forced road work) Capitation (poll tax) Vingtiéme (income tax) Gabelle (salt tax) Taille (land tax) Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc. Class System in ____________ Regime France

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: _________________ an assembly of representatives from all three estates which was called to get approval for new taxes - rarely called Each estate ____________________ What was problematic with this setup?

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: Enlightenment Ideals Thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Locke who believed.... Why would these ideas appeal to the Third Estate?

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: Heavy tax burden on ___________________ Widespread crop failures -> severe_________________, prices rose, and starvation in 1789 Extravagant spending, inherited war debt, and poor decision making of the king and queen (_________________and _______________)

The French Monarchy: Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

Brinton’s Phase 2: Moderate Regime Financial Breakdown Dramatic/Symbolic events Old government cannot repress rebellion Moderate government gains control

Because of the money troubles, Louis XVI called the Estates General for the first time in _________on May 5, 1789 at ____________. What was the issue with the one vote per estate? How do you think the third estate would want it changed? Stage 2 Events:

June 17th, Third Estate voted to establish the __________________ (beginning of a representative government in France) June 20th, ________________- The delegates of the Third Estate who now formed the National Assembly vowed to not leave the tennis court until they wrote a constitution for France. Stage 2 Events:

There were rumors that king wanted to suppress National Assembly Mob takes over Bastille (prison that held only 6 prisoners but many armaments) Symbolic act of the revolution as the Bastille was _______________________ _______________________ Stage 2 Events: __________, 1789 The Storming of the Bastille!

________! July 17 - August Rumors that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants Peasants began to overthrow old feudal ties - burned legal papers, broke into manor houses Stage 2 Events:

________________ ________________ _____________: 6,000 Parisian women revolt over price of bread and marched 12 miles to Versailles in October 1789 Demanded action and forced Louis XVI to come to Paris Stage 2 Events:

Declaration of the Rights of Man August 27th, 1789 Enlightenment influence Influence of __________________ equality, justice, freedoms “Liberte, egalite, fraternite” - Slogan of the French Revolution - “________________________________” Stage 2 Events:

How is the D.O.R.M represented? What is the hidden message? Why did the revolutionaries use this imagery?

National Assembly sells off _________ lands to pay off debt creating a divide between devout Catholic peasants and bourgeoisie ______________ Louis XVI and his family try leave France to the Austrian Netherlands but they are captured Stage 2 Events:

___________, 1791 Created a ____________________ with a Legislative Assembly that had the power to create laws and approve wars Louis XVI was still king but had little power Tax payers and land owners could vote Stage 2 Events:

_____________ ______________ - Sat on left side of hall (left wing) - opposed the king and monarchy - wanted sweeping changes in govt and proposed that common people have full power in a republic - Sat in center of the hall (centrists) - wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals - Sat on the right side of the hall (right wing) -upheld the idea of a limited monarchy - wanted a few changes in government The Legislative Assembly Unrepresented Groups: 1. Emigres - nobles who fled France 2. Poor Parisian shopkeepers

Brinton’s Stage 3: Crisis Radicals Take Control Civil/Foreign War Strong Man Takes Control Terror and Virtue

Radicals - Sat on left side of hall (left wing) - opposed the king and monarchy - wanted sweeping changes in govt and proposed that common people have full power in a republic _______________________- Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers. Wanted a greater voice in the government and an end to food shortages. Named for their long pants _________________ _ - radical political club that wanted a republic in France and NO king Stage 3 Events:

War! April Legislative Assembly declared war with________________ who wanted Louis XVI to be absolute again. The war lasts until Prussian and Austrian threats enraged Parisian revolutionaries who imprisoned Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Angry mobs massacred nobles and clergymen for _______________ Stage 3 Events:

Down with the King! September, Legislative Assembly dissolved - created the National Convention with____________. Louis XVI tried for treason and sentenced to death Leaders:_____________________ January 21, 1793 Louis XVI beheaded by the guillotine Stage 3 Events:

Guillotine! Invented by Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine ________________ Became famous during the French Revolution for quick beheadings

_______________________becomes the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in July1793. __________________________was a committee that decided who was an enemy of the republic July 1793-July Robespierre ruled as a dictator, executing 3,000-4,000 to protect revolutionary ideals and virtue His rule is known as the Reign of Terror Stage 3 Events:

Who was executed by the Reign of Terror? ________________ Fellow revolutionaries who challenged his leadership including _________________ Unknown people accused of minimal crimes, for example, selling sour wine to revolutionaries - about _______people executed in Paris - ______of people killed were urban poor or middle class Stage 3 Events:

How does the below statement from after the beheading of Louis XVI foreshadow the Reign of Terror? “Now, above all, we need peace in the interior of the Republic, and the most active surveillance of the domestic enemies of liberty. Never did circumstances more urgently require of all citizens the sacrifice of their passions and their personal opinions concerning the act of national justice which has just been effected. Today the French people can have no other passion than that for liberty.” - Proclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793) Is this liberty or not?!

Radical revolutionaries sought to replace Catholicism with devotion to the Republic of France as seen through the changing of the calendar in Winter of 1793 to reflect the revolutionary dates rather then the birth of Christ Stage 3 Events:

Brinton’s Stage 4: Recovery Return to quieter times Tyrant takes over Radicals Repressed Nationalism

End of Terror and Return to Quieter Times July 28, Members of National Convention arrested and guillotined _______________to save themselves Moderates of National Convention drafted new constitution with a two house legislature and executive body of five men called the Directory

The Rise of Napoleon _________________, a military leader, comes to power through a “coup d’etat” on November 9th, 1799 and overthrows the weak directory He uses the people’s pride and devotion to France (_____________) to put down all other radicals Napoleon eventually crowns himself Emperor in 1804 and rules till 1814 as he attempts to take over Europe