B RITISH H ISTORY ( ) By Jessica Bender Info by Grace Bellino and Rachel Jurina

B RITISH R ULERS After Henry VII died, the English throne traded hands frequently but the two who had an impact on the English people: His eldest daughter Mary came back from Spain to rule briefly. Was Catholic and persecuted many Protestants trying to convert them back to Catholicism. His younger daughter Elizabeth took over a few years later and had a long well remembered rule. The rule of Queen Elizabeth I: Caused problems between England trying to join Scotland and Ireland together Established the Royal Exchange, a huge successful trading complex. Handled a conflict/war with Spain She commissioned a voyage to the Americas and angered the Spanish. Spain kept attempting and threatening to invade England and the Spanish monarchy sent a whole armada to destroy the English navy, but ended up wrecking their entire fleet in war and on the coasts of Ireland and Scotland.

B RITISH R ULERS CON. Signed a charter with the British East India Company in order to better trade with East Asia and the Indies and thereby boost the economy. Was a patron of the arts and showed favored to Shakespeare’s plays. Considered one of the greatest monarchs in English History. The rule of James I James the IV of Scotland took the throne at Elizabeth’s death changing his name to James I of England. He finally put an end to the threat of Spain, signing a treaty with them. Continued laws that penalized the Catholics in the country causing the Gunpowder plot. The rule of Charles I He took over when James I died. Was angered when parliament condemned him for his religious and political policies and disbanded parliament, ruling on his own. Scotland was rioting and he was forced to remake a parliament to help raise funds to fight, just as the English Civil War broke out. Soon after, Charles I surrenders his position and is executed, starting a new age in English History.

I MPORTANT E VENTS Forty-two Articles of religion is published Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen of England; Restoration of Roman Catholic bishops Execution of Lady Jane Grey England returns to Roman Catholicism: Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Cranmer, are burned at the stake Elizabeth I becomes Queen The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican church Conspiracy against Elizabeth I Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company Elizabeth dies; James I becomes king Gunpowder Plot Thirty Years' War begins Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until ,000 Protestants massacred Civil War Charles I surrenders to the Scots Charles I is tried and executed Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king.

W HAT WERE PEOPLE WORRIED ABOUT ? The Gunpowder plot: A plan created by a group of English Catholics to blow up the parliamentary building killing the high lords there. The plot was discovered before the gunpowder could be blown up and Guy Fawkes, a main conspirator, and many others were executed for treason. Caused much worry in the people of England because of the strained religious and political atmospheres.

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