Review First large change in corrections was from private to public ◦First “principalities” in 12 th Century  Shift from private to territorial lords ◦By 1500, government “corrections” overcomes traditions of private restitution and/or revenge  Punishments very public, and brutal/bizarre  In part, an effort to demonstrate that the government has a monopoly on the “legitimate” use of violence

Review II Eventually, corrections changes into the form we recognize today  No more molten lead down the front of the shirt, but still corporal punishment  Punishment becomes less “public” Why?? Spierenburg’s explanation?  Transformation of sensibilities (Enlightenment)  State no longer needs to prove itself

Review III (Stuff I forgot) Between Medieval and Colonial America England ◦Corporal, Capital ◦Transportation ◦Pre-Prisons  Prison Hulks  Debtor’s Prisons  Houses of Corrections ◦ John Howard as first major “prison reformer”

Colonial America ( ) Nature of Society ◦Calvinist doctrine  Crime not a “problem” (fact of life)  Control through family training/community cohesion Nature of Punishment ◦Borrow heavily from England, So...central features are same:  Corporal  Public  Sparse use of prisons

Enlightenment and Change (1770s-1820) Population boom and shift from agrarian to industrial economy Enlightenment Produces alarm/dismay but also optimism ◦First “burst of enthusiasm” (deterrence)  Reform the legal code  Substitute prisons for corporal punishment ◦ First wave of prison building ( ) ◦ “A repulsion from the gallows rather than any faith in the penitentiary spurred the late-18th Century construction”

The Second Major Shift in Corrections Prison displaces corporal/capital punishment as the primary form of corrections ◦Stump the Chump  Philadelphia Reformers (Philadelphia Society for the Alleviating the Miseries of Prisons) ◦ Dr. Benjamin Rush ◦ Ben Franklin

From deterrence to penance ( ) By 1820, the luster of the classical school (and associated reforms) fades ◦No crime reduction, trouble with prisons ◦Still, very optimistic (“impulse to reform”) The Invention of the Penitentiary ◦A “PROPER” penitentiary will reform offenders  PN vs. Auburn debate ◦Reflects new understanding of cause of crime

Eastern Penitentiary ( ) Pennsylvania Model = reform through penance, solitude, silence, labor

The Great Debate Pennsylvania Separate AND Silent model gets competition Auburn (New York) ◦Auburn Prison opens in 1818, adopts Walnut St. Jail (to become PN model) ideas in 1821  Not a good architectural fit, other problems… ◦Reform through discipline/obedience, labor (inmates congregate to work, but lockstep, etc)  Contract labor system Not much of a “Debate,” but Auburn Model wins out…..WHY?

Southern/Western Penology Often neglected topic in corrections texts Corrections less centralized ◦Justice dispensed at county level (not state) Prisons develop differently ◦In South, race and the “Black codes” ◦Economic differences  Little $ to build prisons (civil war decimation)  Different economy ◦ The “LEASE SYSTEM” ◦ Penal Farms

The New Penology ( ) By 1860, enthusiasm for penitentiaries wanes ◦Corruption, corporal punishment, crowding...  Wardens give up on ideal and seek to maintain order 1870 National Prison Congress ◦Leads to “Declaration of Principles”  Reaffirm reform over punishment  Indeterminate sentences  Parole  Separate institutions for females and juveniles ◦The lockstep, rules of silence, isolation, etc = humiliating and unproductive ◦Elmira as “test case” for new “Reformatory”

Progressive Era Progressives = middle/upper class reformers ◦Great optimism + belief in government ◦Sought to eradicate all sorts of social ills ◦Crime?  General reform (poverty reduction, fix slums)  Embrace new penology ◦ Indeterminate sentences + parole boards/supervision ◦ Juvenile Justice System ◦ Probation

The Medical Model and “Rehabilitative Ideal” By 1940s, social sciences gain prestige ◦Psychiatry, psychology, sociology Rehabilitative Ideal (1940s-1960s)  Causes of crime are unique (social, psychological)  The goal of corrections is to identify and eliminate/correct these causes (rehabilitation)  Treatment must be individualized ◦ Corrections workers and judges must be trusted with a great deal of discretion

1960s Corrections becomes professionalized Rehab as unquestioned goal (in rhetoric at least) of Corrections system ◦American Corrections Association (from American Prison Association) ◦Correctional Facilities Standards for “correctional officers” All kinds of new Rx programs ◦College education, group counseling, therapeutic milieu, behavior modification

Progressives  Radicals, Change... (1960s-1980) Social Context of 1960s ◦Contrast with “progressive optimism/faith” ◦Many progressives turn more radical  Labeling theory ascends  avoid “doing harm”  Martinson Report  “nothing works” ◦ Liberals embrace the “JUSTICE MODEL” ◦Conservatives have different take on ’60s  Crime = symbol of all the “DISORDER”  Solution = go back to classical school

Uneasy Alliance Conservatives and liberals agree on: ◦The need to limit sentencing discretion  Conservatives = liberal judges  Liberals = corrupt, racist judges/parole boards  Solution = return to determinate sentencing, sentencing guidelines, etc ◦Only difference is on length of sentences  Liberals = do less harm, be fair (justice model)  Conservatives = punishment WORKS!

The Crime Control Era ◦Prison as Crime Prevention  Sentencing Guidelines/Policy ◦Punishment Programs ◦Political Rhetoric

What Era Now? Liberals ◦Rehabilitation ◦Restorative Justice Conservatives? ◦Problem Oriented Policing ◦Zeal for prison has waned