1. Chapter 11 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations

2. Learning Objectives
Understand the meaning of the term “the new penology”
Be able to explain how the first penal institutions developed in Europe
Explain how William Penn revolutionized corrections
Compare the New York and Pennsylvania prison models
Chart the development of penal reform

3. Learning objectives Know how parole developed
List the purposes of jails and be familiar with the make-up of jail populations
Be familiar with the term “new generation jail”
Classify the different types of federal and state penal institutions
Discuss prison population trends

4. History of Correctional Institutions
10th Century England Prisons
Used to detain debtors, unemployed, or those awaiting trial
12th Century England
County jails were constructed to hold thieves and vagrants before the disposition of their sentence
Le Stinche prison in Italy
Punishment was incarceration
Separate cells
Segregated by age, gender, mental state, and seriousness of the crime

5. History of Correctional Institutions
1557
The Brideswell workhouse was built to hold those convicted of relatively minor offenses – serious offenders were held there pending execution
1780s
English housed prisoners on hulks (abandoned ships anchored in harbors)
Incarceration did not become the norm until 19th century

6. History of Correctional Institutions
The Origin of Corrections in the United States:
The modern American correctional system actually started in Pennsylvania under the leadership of William Penn
Early seventeenth century:
The first American jail was built in James City, Virginia
1773
Newgate Prison opened in Connecticut
1775
Castle Island Prison opened in Massachusetts

7. History of Correctional Institutions
The Development of Prisons:
William Penn’s code for prisons was adopted, and a group of Quakers formed the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
The aim of the Society was to bring some degree of humane and orderly treatment to the growing penal system
The only models of custodial institutions at that time were the local county jails that Penn had established

8. History of Correctional Institutions
The Development of Prisons:
In 1790, the Pennsylvania legislature called for renovation of the prisoner system. A new wing of the Walnut Street Jail was installed
The legislation ushered in ten years of reform and attracted worldwide notice
The Walnut Street Jail was not a total success; overcrowding undermined the goal of solitary confinement and soon more than one inmate was housed in each cell

9. History of Correctional Institutions
The New York and Pennsylvania Systems:
Both experienced challenges in maintaining ever- increasing numbers of convicted criminals
1816 – New York built a new prison at Auburn
Many features used in these prisons systems are still in use today

10. History of Correctional Institutions
The Auburn System:
Tier system
Congregate system
The philosophy of the Auburn prison system was crime prevention through fear of punishment and silent confinement
Silence and solitude was seen as key
Regimentation became a standard mode of prison life
Inmates congregate for eating and for work

11. History of Correctional Institutions
The Pennsylvania System:
Pennsylvania took the radical step of establishing a prison that isolated each inmate in a single cell for the duration of his sentence
The new Pennsylvania State Prison opened in and was called the Western Penitentiary
Its inmates were housed in solitary confinement being allowed out about one hour per day

12. Pennsylvania vs. New York System
Prison
Structure
Living
Activity
Discipline
Auburn
System
Tiered Cells
Congregate
Group Work
Silence, Harsh punishment
Pennsylvania System
Single cells set in semicircle
Isolated
In-cell work,
Bible Study
Silence, Harsh Punishment

13. History of Correctional Institutions
Prisons of the Nineteenth Century:
The tier system was adopted in all states but Pennsylvania
Prisons were overcrowded and the single cell principle was often ignored
Prison brutality common
Development of prison industry:
Contract system
Convict-lease system
Prison farms

14. History of Correctional Institutions
Reform Efforts:
The National Congress Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, held in Cincinnati in 1870, heralded a new era of prison reform:
Experts called for the treatment, education, and training of inmates
Elmira Reformatory (Zebulon Brockway) in New York, individualized treatment, the indeterminate sentence, and parole

15. History of Correctional Institutions
Prisons of the Twentieth Century:
Time of contrast in the U.S. prison system
Advocate of reform, rehabilitation, education, religion
Development of specialized prisons
Industrial prisons for hard-core inmates
Agricultural prisons for non dangerous offenders
Institutions for criminally insane
Prison industry evolved

16. History of Correctional Institutions
Contemporary Correctional Institutions:
1960s-1970s:
Prisoners’ rights movement
Prison riots
The medical model emerged
1980s:
Inmate violence and gangs emerge
Control of inmates essential
Incapacitation
Punishment rather than rehabilitation

17. History of Correctional Institutions
Contemporary Correctional Institutions:
Today:
Attempts to improve prison conditions
Tighten discipline
Build new super-maximum security prisons to house extremely violence inmates
Prison overcrowding has stalled improvement attempts

18. Jails Five Purposes: Detain accused offenders who cannot make bail
Hold convicted offenders awaiting sentence
Confinement for those convicted of misdemeanors
Hold probationers and parolees arrested for violations and waiting for a hearing
House felons when state prisons are overcrowded

19. Jails Jail Populations and Trends: By 2010, 750,000 jail inmates
9 out of 10 inmates are adult males
40% white
African American are nearly 5x more likely than whites to have been in jail
7,500 minors held in adults jails each day
Minorities are over represented in inmate population

20. Jails Jail Conditions:
Jails are usually a low priority in the criminal justice system
Jails are usually administered at the county level
Jails in some counties are physically deteriorated, holding inmates that have serious emotional problems
Jails are considered a revolving door of the justice system

21. Jails New Generation Jails:
A building boom is underway to alleviate overcrowding and improve effectiveness
Direct-supervision:
Allow for continuous observation of inmates
Indirect-supervision:
Allow for continuous observation of inmates, but using communication devices from secure rooms

22. Types of Prisons Maximum Security Prisons:
House the most notorious offenders
Fortress-like with high walls and guard towers
High tech security measures
Armed guards
Super-Maximum-Security-Prisons (Super- Max):
These house the most predatory offenders
Inmates are locked up for 22 to 24 hours per day

23. Types of Prisons Medium-Security Prisons:
Similar in appearance to maximum-security
The conditions are less vigilant and less tense than maximum security facilities
Promote treatment efforts and allows freedom of movement

24. Prisons Minimum-Security Prisons:
Operate without armed guards and walls
House the most trustworthy and least violent offenders
These facilities have dormitories or small private rooms for inmates
Freedom of movement
Utilize work furloughs and educational/vocational training

25. Alternative Correctional Institutions
In addition to prisons and jails, a number of other correctional facilities are opening within the United States:
Prison farms and camps
Shock incarceration in boot camps
Community correctional facilities
Private prisons

26. Inmate Populations Overview:
The vast correctional system now contains over 1.6 million inmates
1 in 31 adults in America is under correctional system supervision
90% inmates are young, male, minority, and poor
1 in 36 Hispanic men incarcerated
1 in 12 African American men incarcerated
Inmates suffer from social problems, emotional problems, and psychological problems

27. Imprisonment Rate,

28. Inmate Populations Growth Trends:
Between 1980 and 2006 population skyrocketed, today the numbers have stabilized or declined slightly
1/3 of inmates are held on parole violations
Mandatory sentences are holding prisoners longer
The nation’s prison population may be maxing out
High prison costs have compelled states to utilize cheaper community supervision alternatives