Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 1 Essential Question: Describe how the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening philosophies lead to the founding of the nation?

Early British Colonies British Power Expands – The American colonies brought great wealth to England through taxation – They believed taxation without representation in the British government was tyranny(oppression) – “No Taxation without Representation”

1-4: The Colonies Come of Age The South colonies: – Agriculture Depends on large scale farming(plantations) Single Cash Crops Slavery provides the labor Triangle Trade – Slaves become part of a network of trading between England, Africa, and the Colonies

The Colonies Come of Age The North colonies: – Manufacturing, Shipping, and Trading Slavery existed but was uncommon since so many workers were available

The Colonies Come of Age The Enlightenment: –Intellectual movement –New ideas from Europe caused the colonists to question Britain's authority –Used logic and reason –Followers included: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson The Great Awakening: –Religious movement –In response to the Enlightenment, Jonathan Edwards tried to bring people back to the church by preaching “fire and brimstone” in his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon Both stressed the need to question authority

The Colonies Come of Age John Locke: – An Enlightenment thinker, who believed that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property ̶He felt that a government is a social agreement between the leaders and the people

Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 2 Essential Question: What important events lead to the development of the American republic?

2-1: Colonial Resistance and Rebellion The Declaration of Independence: – Written by Thomas Jefferson – Based on the ideas of Locke, the document stated that governmental power comes from the consent of the people A government is to secure the natural rights for the people 8

2-3: Confederation and the Constitution A New government emerges: Articles of Confederation: Power is divided between state governments and a weak central (federal) government Shay’s Rebellion: in 1787, a group of Massachusetts farmers rebelled against their government in protest of ever-increasing taxes the government of Massachusetts was unable to stop the uprising without outside help This demonstrated the A of C did not work and a stronger central government was needed 9

Confederation and the Constitution Proposed systems of government: – Virginia Plan: Called for a bicameral (two- house) legislature whose number would be determined by the state’s population Favored larger states – New Jersey Plan: Called for a unicameral (one- house) legislature Each state would receive a single vote Favored smaller states 10

Confederation and the Constitution The Solution: The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan): – Called for a bicameral legislature » House of Representatives based on state population(Virginia Plan) » Senate would have equal representation(New Jersey Plan) – Solved the issue of representation in the federal legislature 11

Confederation and the Constitution Separation of Powers: – The Framers divided the federal government into 3 branches in order to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful Legislative Branch – Create laws Executive Branch – Carry out the laws created by Congress Judicial Branch – Interpret the laws and settle disputes between states 12

Confederation and the Constitution Ratifying the Constitution: – Two factions formed each with their own agenda Federalists (modern Democrats): – Those who supported ratifying the Constitution Anti-federalists (modern Republicans): – Those who were opposed ratifying Bill of rights are added to the Constitution to ease the Anti- federalist concern over individual rights 13

Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 3 Essential Question: How did Marbury v. Madison establish the judicial branch of our government?

3-1: The Jeffersonian Era Marbury v. Madison: – an 1803 court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review – Supreme Court will now review the Constitutionality of laws 15

Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 4 Essential Question: What events led to the American Civil War and the establishment of Reconstruction ?

4-1: The Divisive Politics of Slavery Popular Sovereignty: The residents of the territory decided whether they would be a free or slave state The Missouri Compromise(GEOGRAPHY): Settlers in Missouri requested admission to the union as a state Arguments between whether or not it should be admitted as a Free or Slave state divided Congress A compromise was reached admitting Missouri into the union as a slave state The rest of the territories were divided along the 36 th parallel States located North of the line would be admitted as free states, those below, slave 17

The Divisive Politics of Slavery The Dred Scott Decision: – A slave who attempted to use the courts as a means of earning his freedom. Scott lost the decision and the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen. The outcome – Being in a free state while you were a slave did not make you free 18

The Divisive Politics of Slavery Differences between the North and South North – Cooler and harsher climate – More industrial and less agricultural – Fishing and trading – Large cities – Economy not based on slavery South – Rich and fertile soil – Economy based on Agriculture(single and large cash crops) – Plantation system – Economy relied on slave labor 19

The Divisive Politics of Slavery Issues that led to the Civil War – Arguments over whether new states should enter the Union as Free or Slave states – Fugitive Slave Laws – Political and economic Differences – Election of Abraham Lincoln 20

The Divisive Politics of Slavery Secession : The years of 1860 and 1861 when eleven southern states each declared themselves seceded from the United States and joined together to form the Confederate States of America. 21

The Civil War The Civil War: Lincoln’s main goal was to restore the Union – Lasted for 4 years ( ) – 620,000 soldiers died, 417,000 deaths were from diseases while 203,000 were killed in combat – The Union(North) won the war 22

The Civil War The Emancipation Proclamation – Although he was opposed to slavery, Lincoln did not believe that he had the power as President to outlaw slavery – However, once the war ended he found a way to free the slaves and ordered the Emancipation Proclamation 23

4-4: Reconstruction and Its Effects Key Events: Civil War Amendments: – Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment Congress passes a Constitutional Amendment that would officially outlaw slavery in the United States – Lincoln’s Assassination Just days after the South surrenders, Lincoln is killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer 24

Reconstruction and Its Effects Civil War Amendments (cont.): – In order to speed up the process of reconstruction and to ensure the end of slavery forever, Congress passed the 14 th & 15 th Amendments – Fourteenth Amendment: Changed the language of the Constitution to guarantee citizenship to all freed slaves – Fifteenth Amendment: Prevented states from denying the voting rights of citizens because of race The federal government now protected the rights of A.A.s(minorities) 25

Segregation and Discrimination Formal (Legal) Discrimination continued Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case that supported the idea of racial segregation as fair (legal) under the Constitution Created the separate-but- equal doctrine – Racial segregation was legal as long as the facilities provided equal service 26

Segregation and Discrimination Informal Discrimination – Jim Crow Laws/ Black Codes Southern states passed racial segregation laws that created separated White and Black facilities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation – Racial Etiquette AA’s had to be very careful with how they behaved around Whites AA’s were expected to act timid around Whites such as never shaking hands, giving way on the sidewalk, and removing their hats when speaking to a White person Failure to follow the racial etiquette rules could lead to arrest or death 27