Transformation of Energy  Energy is the ability to do work. How Organisms Obtain Energy – Chapter 8 Cellular Energy  Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Section 1

Laws of Thermodynamics  First law—energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy  Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. Section 1

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Use light energy from sun to make own food Obtain energy from other organisms ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY TO CARRY OUT LIFE FUNCTIONS AND MUST RELEASE ENERGY FROM SUGARS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS!! Section 1

 Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions in a cell  Two types of metabolic pathways  1. Anabolic – Take in energy to build large molecules  2. Catabolic – Release energy when breaking down large molecules How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy Section 1

Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

Ribose (5-carbon sugar) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) One of principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy Adenine 3 Phosphate groups

ATP ADP ATP Energy Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) How is energy stored and released? What is ATP used for in the cell?

Photosynthesis Process of turning light energy from the sun into chemical energy

Overview of Photosynthesis  Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. Cellular Energy  Light-dependent reactions  Light-independent reactions or the Calvin Cycle. Photosynthesis Section 2

Photosynthesis: Overview Chloroplast Light H2OH2O O2O2 CO 2 Sugars NADP + ADP + P Calvin Cycle Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis: Overview LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS Require light / use energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH CALVIN CYCLE Does NOT require light / uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars that can be stored for a long time

Electron Carriers When a potato is very hot, you wouldn’t dare grab it with your bare hand, rather you use an oven mitt to carry the potato. As the potato cools, you no longer need the oven mitt. This is similar to an electron carrier. Once an electron receives energy from the sun, it is considered a “high- energy electron.” The electron does not travel on its own from place to place. Another substance (in this case NADP) carries the electron to its destination. As the electron loses it’s high energy levels, it no longer needs an electron carrier. An electron carrier then is “a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.”

Light-Dependent Reactions 2H 2 O + O 2 ATP synthase ADP 2 NADP + 2 NADPH 2

Calvin Cycle 12 NADPH ADP 12 NADP + 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6 6 ADP

Electron Transport  Light energy excites electrons in the photosystems and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron and O 2 is released as a waste product. Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Section 2

Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle  In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose. Section 2

Cellular Energy Photosynthesis  CO 2 molecules combine with a 6 carbon molecule with an enzyme.  The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to make a glucose molecule. Section 2

Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Alternative Pathways - in hot, dry environments plants have adapted to a different way to perform photosynthesis  C 4 plants – are able to make glucose in different cells. Ex: Corn and sugarcane  CAM plants – are able to make glucose at different time of the day. Ex: Pineapples and cati Section 2

Overview of Cellular Respiration  Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis. Section 3

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  Cellular respiration occurs in three main parts.  Glycolysis  Krebs Cycle  Electron Transport Section 3

Glycolysis Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy in the cytoplasm 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP 2NAD + 2 NET GAIN OF HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES?

Krebs Cycle Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.  The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle. Section 3

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  The net yield from the Krebs cycle:  6 CO 2 molecules  2 ATPs  8 NADH  2 FADH 2 Section 3

Krebs Cycle CoA CO 2 NAD  NADH ADP ATP P FAD FADH 2

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy Electron Transport Chain  Final step in the breakdown of glucose  Point at which ATP is produced  Produces about 24 ATP Section 3

Electron Transport Chain Uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP ATP ATP synthase Channel

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy Anaerobic Respiration  The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis  Two main types  Lactic acid fermentation  Alcohol fermentation Cellular Respiration Section 3

Fermentation Releases energy from food by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO CELLS?

Two Types of Fermentation ALCOHOLIC Used by yeasts and microorganisms, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide (as well as NAD + ) LACTIC ACID Conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid (as well as NAD + ) NO OXYGEN! NAD + PRODUCED FOR BOTH!

Cellular Energy Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. B. Energy can be converted and destroyed. C. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. D. Energy can be destroyed but not converted. Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration C. homeostasis D. fermentation In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. NADPH B. ATP C. chloroplast D. glucose At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored?

1.A 2.B FQ 1 Cellular Energy Chapter Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? A. the first law of thermodynamics B. the second law of thermodynamics Section 1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B FQ 2 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. A. true B. false

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 3 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? A.Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. B.Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C.Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D.Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules.

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 4 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions A.It captures light energy from the sun. B.It is produced in anabolic pathways. C.It stores and releases chemical energy. D.It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 5 Cellular Energy Chapter A. chloroplasts B. Golgi apparatus C. mitochondria D. vacuoles Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Section 2 Formative Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C FQ 6 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions A nm B nm C nm Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 7 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions A. absorption B. chemiosmosis C. electron transport D. C 2 pathway Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H + ) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions A. They accelerate photosynthesis. B. They release more oxygen. C. They help the plant conserve water. D. They reduce the requirement for ATP. How are the C 4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 9 Cellular Energy Chapter A. to make ATP B. to process H 2 O C. to store glucose D. to deliver oxygen What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? Section 3 Formative Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 10 Cellular Energy Chapter Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? A.TCA cycle  chemiosmosis  glycolysis B.glycolysis  Krebs cycle  electron transport C.electron absorption  catalysis  phosphorylation D.aerobic pathway  anaerobic pathway  fermentation Section 3 Formative Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C FQ 11 Cellular Energy Chapter A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. electron transport Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? Section 3 Formative Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D FQ 12 Cellular Energy Chapter A. CoA B. CO 2 C. FADH 2 D. NADH Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? Section 3 Formative Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D CAQ 1 Cellular Energy Chapter Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks? A. grana B. stroma C. thylakoids D. Golgi apparatus Chapter Assessment Questions

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D CAQ 2 Cellular Energy Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? A. H 2 O B. O 2 C. CO D. CO 2

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D CAQ 3 Cellular Energy Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? A. phosphate group B. water molecule C. ribose sugar D. energy cells

1. A 2. B STP 1 Cellular Energy Chapter Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B Standardized Test Practice

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 2 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O 2 ) as a waste product? A. CO 2 B. H 2 O C. C 6 H 12 O 6 D. 3-PGA

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 3 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle? A. 3-PGA B. CO 2 C. NADPH D. rubisco

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 4 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds? A. ADP B. CO 2 C. G3P D. NADP +

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 5 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice What is the final step of cellular respiration? A. O 2 and H + form H 2 O. B. Electrons and H 2 O generate ATP. C. C 6 H 12 O6 is broken down into CO 2. D. NADH and FADH 2 gain electrons.

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 6 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? A. a buildup of CO 2 B. a lack of oxygen C. an excess of glucose D. an increased demand for ATP

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D STP 7 Cellular Energy Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis? A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport C. glycolysis D. production of G3P

Cellular Energy Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter

Cellular Energy Image Bank Chapter

energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Cellular Energy Section 1 Vocabulary Section 1

thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP + Calvin cycle rubisco Cellular Energy Section 2 Vocabulary Section 2

anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic process glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation Cellular Energy Section 3 Vocabulary Section 3

Cellular Energy  ATP ATP  The Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle  Visualizing Electron Transport Visualizing Electron Transport  The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Animation Chapter

Cellular Energy Chapter

Cellular Energy Chapter

Cellular Energy Chapter