1. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy

2. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Section 1
How Organisms Obtain Energy

3. Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy
All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

4. Transformation of Energy
Cellular processes require ____________– the ability to do work.
_______________is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

5. Transformation of Energy
Laws of thermodynamics
First law—the law of conservation of energy: energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor ______________.
Second law: energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy, that is, _________________—disorder or unusable energy--increases.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

6. Transformation of Energy
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Directly or indirectly, nearly all the energy for life comes from the Sun.
_____________make their own food, either with energy from the sun or from inorganic substances.
________________ingest other organisms to obtain energy.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

7. Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell’s _________.
A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is the substrate for the next is called a metabolic pathway.
_________pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules.
_____________pathways use energy to build larger molecules.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

8. Metabolism
________________– anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
___________________– catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
How Organisms Obtain Energy

9. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
In living things, chemical energy is stored in biological molecules.
___________________(ATP) is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

10. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
ATP structure
Most abundant ____________-carrier in cells
__________made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
How Organisms Obtain Energy

11. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
ATP function
Releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken.
Transforms into a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (_____) and a free phosphate group.
How Organisms Obtain Energy

12. ATP When chlorophyll absorbs light, it is absorbing energy
It stores it in the __________ of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

13. ATP, continued. Carbs are most commonly broken down to make ATP.
Breakdown of glucose yields ____ ATP.
ATP = Energy currency of the cell.
Cells use ATP for functions such as building molecules & moving materials by ______________.
ATP releases energy when phosphate group released.
Becomes Adenosine DiPhosphate (_____).
Can be converted back to ATP by adding phosphate.

14. ATP vs. ADP

15. ATP ADP Cycle

16. Essential Questions What are the two laws of thermodynamics?
What is the difference between an anabolic pathway and a catabolic pathway?
How does ATP work in a cell?
How Organisms Obtain Energy

17. Section 2
Photosynthesis

18. Section 2: Photosynthesis
Light energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

19. Overview of Photosynthesis
Most autotrophs make organic compounds using __________________.
Photosynthesis is the process of converting ________energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis

21. THE FORMULA, continued.

22. Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in ______phases.
In the _____________ phase, light energy is converted into chemical energy.
In the ______________ phase, chemical energy used to synthesize glucose.
Photosynthesis

23. Phase One: Light Reactions
The absorption of ____________is the first step in photosynthesis.
Once light energy is captured, it can be stored as _______or NAPDH.
Photosynthesis

24. Phase One: Light Reactions
Chloroplasts
Are organelles that capture light energy
Contain two main compartments:
________________: flattened saclike membranes
Stacks of thylakoids are called grana.
The fluid filled space outside the grana called the __________________
Photosynthesis

25. Chloroplast structure

26. Phase One: Light Reactions
Pigments
Light-absorbing colored molecules called ________are found in the thylakoid membranes.
Different pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light.
Most common pigment in plants is _________________.
Plants also have accessory pigments.
Photosynthesis

27. Phase One: Light Reactions
Electron transport
The thylakoid membrane has a large surface area, providing space for a large number of electron transporting molecules and two types of protein complexes called _____________________.
Photosystems house the light-capturing pigments.
Photosynthesis

28. Phase One: Light Reactions
Electron transport
Light energy excites electrons in _______________________.
This light energy causes a water molecule to split – releasing an electron into the electron transport system, a hydrogen ion (H+ or proton) into the thylakoid space, and oxygen as a waste product.
Photosynthesis

29. Phase One: Light Reactions
Electron transport
The activated electrons move from photosystem II to an acceptor molecule in the __________________membrane.
The electron acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electron carriers to photosystem I.
Photosynthesis

30. Phase One: Light Reactions
Electron transport
In the presence of light, photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein.
The protein transfers the electrons to the carrier molecule _________forming the energy storage molecule NADPH.
Photosynthesis

31. Phase One: Light Reactions
Electron transport
ATP is produced in conjunction with the electron transport system through chemiosmosis
ATP is produced through the flow of electrons _____a concentration gradient
The breakdown of water provides the necessary protons for _____synthesis
Photosynthesis

32. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions)
In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the ___________, energy is stored in organic molecules such as ____________.
Photosynthesis

33. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
The first step of the Calvin cycle is called ____________ fixation.
CO2 molecules combine with 5-carbon molecules to form 3- phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
Photosynthesis

34. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
In the second step, chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA to form glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (_________).
Photosynthesis

35. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
In the third step, some G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of _________________and other organic compounds.
Photosynthesis

36. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
In the fourth and final step, an enzyme called ______converts the remaining G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called ________1,5-bisphospates (RuBP).
These molecules combine with new CO2 and continue the cycle.
Photosynthesis

37. 2 Main steps of PS - Summary
Light reactions—occurs only in the presence of ___________
Occurs in the grana (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts
Also known as Photolysis because light is used to __________ _________ molecules into hydrogen and oxygen

38. 2 Main steps of PS - Summary
2. Dark Reactions—can occur in light ____ darkness. Follows light reactions
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts
Also known as Carbon fixation because CO2 will get “fixed up” with the hydrogens and energy from the light reaction

40. Light Reactions Take place within the membrane of the thylakoid.
Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight.
Water is __________ _________
Oxygen is ______________
Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air
AKA Light-Dependent Reactions.
-Capture energy from sunlight.
-Water & sunlight needed.

41. The Dark Reactions Occur in stroma of chloroplasts.
_________ is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules
A molecule of simple sugar is formed
_____________
-AKA Light-independent reactions.
-Use energy from the light reactions to make sugars.
-Carbon dioxide needed.

43. Alternative Pathways C4 plants
The C4 pathway allows plants to maintain photosynthesis while reducing _________ loss.
Significant structural modification in the arrangement of cells within the leaves – separate CO2 uptake from location of Calvin cycle
Photosynthesis

44. Alternative Pathways CAM plants
Crassulacean acid metabolism (________) is found in desert plants.
Collect CO2 at night and store it in organic compounds
During the day, release CO2 from organic compounds for the light-dependent cycle of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

45. Essential Questions What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
What is the function of a chloroplast during the light reactions?
How can electron transport be described and diagramed?
Photosynthesis

46. Section 3
Cellular Respiration

47. Section 3: Cellular Respiration
Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

48. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process called _________________.
Respiration harvests electrons from organic molecules and uses the energy to make _____________.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for ___________________:
Cellular Respiration

49. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts: glycolysis and aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis is an ________ process, meaning it does not require ______.
Aerobic respiration involves the ______cycle and electron transport.
Aerobic processes require oxygen.
Cellular Respiration

50. Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of _______________.
____molecules of ATP and ____ molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.
Cellular Respiration

51. Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis has a net result of _____ATP and ______pyruvate.
Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is converted into carbon dioxide.
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is the ______________, also know as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Cellular Respiration

52. Krebs Cycle Steps of the Krebs cycle
Prior to the Krebs cycle, pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) to form ___________.
Acetyl CoA moves into the mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound to form citric acid.
Cellular Respiration

53. Krebs Cycle Steps of the Krebs cycle
______acid is broken down releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2.
Finally, acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues.
Cellular Respiration

54. Steps of Kreb’s Pyruvate broken down Coenzyme A Citric acid formed
Citric acid broken down
5-carbon molecule broken down
4-carbon molecule rearranged
Up to 38 ATP molecules are made from the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule.

56. Electron Transport
In aerobic respiration, electron transport is the final step in the breakdown of ____________.
NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle are used to convert _____to _____.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration are similar to the processes of photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration

57. Electron Transport Prokaryotic cellular respiration
Some prokaryotes undergo ___________respiration.
They do not have mitochondria, so they use the ________membrane as the location of electron transport.
Cellular Respiration

58. Steps of ETC - Summary
Electrons removed – High energy electrons from NADH & FADH2.
Hydrogen ions transported – High energy electrons travel through the proteins in the ETC.
ATP Produced – ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to ADP to make ATP. For each pair of electrons that passes through the ETC, 3 ATPs are made.
Water formed – Oxygen enters cellular respiration process & picks up electrons & hydrogen ions to form water.

59. Anaerobic Respiration
When oxygen is unavailable, cells cannot follow glycolysis with the aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle and electron transport).
The anaerobic process that follows glycolysis is anaerobic respiration, or ________________________.
Fermentation occurs in the __________of the cell, and produces NAD+ and ATP.
Cellular Respiration

60. Fermentation Two types _______________ fermentation

61. Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic acid fermentation
Enzymes convert the pyruvate made during glycolysis into _______acid.
Skeletal muscles produce lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen, such as during periods of strenuous exercise.
Cellular Respiration

62. Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol fermentation
Occurs in _________and some bacteria
Converts pyruvate into ethyl ________and carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration

63. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Organelle for process
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Reactants
CO2 & H2O
Sugars (C6H12O6) & O2
Electron Transport Chain
Proteins within thylakoid membrane
Proteins within inner mitochondrial membrane
Cycle of chemical reactions
Calvin cycle in stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules
Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon-based molecules
Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O
Products

64. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

65. Essential Questions What are the stages of cellular respiration?
What is the role of electron carriers in each stage of cellular respiration?
What are the similarities between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Cellular Respiration