Organizing the New Government

The First President April 30, 1789, inauguration of George Washington as 1 st President in New York City (3 places), John Adams (VP) Unanimous election – Federalist party Precedents needed to be set Challenging Agendas faced them.

Loved by so many “first in war, first in peace”

The First Congress 1.Bill of Rights 2. Judiciary Act of Cabinets formed

Settling the Nation’s Debt Hamilton’s belief in federalism shaped his economic policy –Who would dominate the federal government and economic policy? –Policies designed to help and promote?

Hamilton’s Economic Policy 3 Main Points Funding the Debt Assumption of the Debt Bank of the U.S.

Payment of Government Bonds How much was the government in debt from the AM REV? What did the government issue in exchange for loans? Speculators stood to make a fortune, while ordinary citizens who had sold their bonds at a loss would suffer What did Congress do with bonds (both those bought and sold?)

Assumption of Debt Federal govt would take over state debts Southern states had already paid off their share of the debt (Jefferson, Madison) What saved this plan?

The Bank Controversy * Most controversial part of Hamilton’s plan * Two views of the Constitution: –Strict construction vs. Loose construction –Hamilton - “necessary and proper” clause gives us the right vs. Jefferson “not mentioned in Const, therefore not allowed) * Congress chartered the bank and Washington signed it into law in 1791 (20 years)

How to raise the money to pay off debt? 1.Tariffs 2.Excise Taxes (most controversially taxed item was _______) Where would they put this money and why?

The Whiskey Rebellion Over 6,000 men and women threatened city of Pittsburgh Federal force of 13,000 Rebellion scattered, roughly 20 men captured, less convicted, all eventually pardoned Legacy of GW’s Response?

Trouble on the Frontier Native Americans fight expansion –Number of small victories in early 1790’s –Little Turtle Washington sent Anthony Wayne, to protect the frontier – Treaty of Greenville 1. Indian lands in Ohio and Indiana to US 2. Ohio R. no longer boundary 3. Indians received money and “formal acknowledgment of land they still had

Washington’s 2 nd term The French Revolution Citizen Genet Impressment Neutrality Act of 1793 Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty Farewell Address

The French Revolution

What response did the Washington Government take with the French Revolution?

Staying Neutral Jays Treaty –Purpose of Treaty –Terms of Treaty –Legacy of the Treaty –Public Response Pickney’s Treaty 1.Spain shifted forces and joined France 2.Feared US alliance with GB would threaten Spain’s territory in North America 3.Boundary between US and FLA? 4.Also gave America Right of Deposit – Port of New Orleans for trade w/o paying a duty

Washington says Goodbye Precedents set? –Formal: –Informal: Warnings in the Farewell Address????

Federalists v. Dem-Rep’s Who were the leading Federalists? Who were the leading Democratic- Republicans FederalistsIssueD-R’s Federalism- Size of Government France or Britain Banking Policy Region of Nation Socio-Economics Interpretation of Cons. Jobs

The Election of st real political party competition for President --- Why? What were causes? John Adams and Thomas Pinckney vs. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Adams received most electoral votes with Jefferson being the runner up Thomas Jefferson became V.P.

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union) John AdamsMassachusettsFederalist7151.4% Thomas JeffersonVirginiaDemocratic- Republican % Thomas PinckneySouth CarolinaFederalist5942.8% Aaron BurrNew YorkDemocratic- Republican % Samuel AdamsMassachusettsFederalist1510.9% Oliver EllsworthConnecticutFederalist118.0% George ClintonNew YorkDemocratic- Republican 75.1% Other % Total Number of Electors138 Total Electoral Votes Cast276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1796 Election Results AdamsJefferson

Adams’ Presidency- foreign policy challenges What was France’s response to the Jay Treaty? Adams sent 3 diplomats to France to discuss this and try to reach a resolution XYZ Affair –Who? –What were the Conditions for meeting with France: Adams and Federalist’s reactions: –1. –2. –3.

XYZ Affair and Resentment of foreigners Alien ActSedition Acts

Opposition to the Acts Thomas Jefferson – KY resolution James Madison – VA resolution Violation of Constitution – abuse of power by Federal gov’t

The Judiciary What were the Midnight Judges? Chief Justice John Marshall – Judicial Review expanded role of Supreme Court set forth a number of loose constructionist based decisions

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas JeffersonVirginia Democratic- Republican % Aaron BurrNew York Democratic- Republican % John AdamsMassachusettsFederalist6547.1% Charles PinckneySouth CarolinaFederalist6446.4% John JayNew YorkFederalist 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors138 Total Electoral Votes Cast276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1800 Election Results AdamsJefferson

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)  1 vote for each State  1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)  1 vote for each State  Thomas JeffersonVirginiaDemocratic-Republican1062.5% Aaron BurrNew YorkDemocratic-Republican 425.0% Blank %

Thomas Jefferson “We are all Federalists, We are all Republicans” A Common Man Approach

Key IssuesStance of Federalists Stance of D/R’sJefferson Did… Interpretation of Constitution Federalism Size of Government Individual Rights Focus of Economy National Debt Foreign Policy

Was he really a “Strict Constructionist”

Louisiana Purchase How: Spain gave Louisiana territory to Napoleon in 1800, France sold it to the U.S. Why: Jefferson looking to secure U.S. territory and expand west France’s gain: cash to fund war in Europe

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson instructed Livingston and Monroe to purchase only New Orleans. France offered the whole territory for 15 million dollars (approx. 3 cents p/acre) Any key problems with this move?

Lewis and Clark Expedition