Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body B. Souto

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Introduction 1. Definitions  Anatomy is the study of structure or morphology  Physiology is the study of function.  Pathophysiology 2. Structure and function go together (Figure 1-1)  Name a body part/note function; note the relationship between structure and function. 3. Anatomists of old were “grave robbers” explain this statement. Slide 2

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. The Body’s Levels of Organization From Simple to Complex  The body is arranged from simple ( cells) to complex ( organisms). See Fig 1-2 There are 4 structural levels of the human body ( cells, tissues, organs (viscera) and systems) There are 4 structural levels of the human body ( cells, tissues, organs (viscera) and systems)  Structure and function are related. Slide 3

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. The Body’s Levels of Organization - cont’d Major Organ Systems  An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to perform a particular function ( see Fig.1-3). There are 11 major organ systems. Slide 4

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Homeostasis  Definition: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment.  Homeostatic mechanisms  Temperature regulation  Blood glucose control  Blood pressure regulation  Water balance  Homeostatic imbalances  Hyperthermia and hypothermia  Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia Slide 5

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body  Anatomical Position  The anatomical position is the body standing erect, arms by the side, with palms facing forward ( Fig. 1-4).  Relative Positions-paired terms that describe direction include superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, proximal and distal, superficial and deep, and central and peripheral. Slide 6 Anatomical position

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Do you know the answers? In which body positions are these diagrams? In which body positions are these diagrams? Slide 7 Hint: You are lying on your spine in this position. The answer rhymes with spine Note words are not in text but this is testable information!

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Are you able to do this? Directional Terms 1. anterior (ventral)--the front side of the body 2. posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the body 3. superior (cranial)--toward the head 4. inferior (caudal)--away from the head 5. medial--toward the midline of the body 6. lateral--away from the midline of the body 7. proximal--closer to the point of attachment 8. distal--farther from the point of attachment 9. superficial (external)--located close to or on the body surface 10. deep (internal)--located beneath the body surface Draw arrows showing the direction of each of the terms from the notes on the left. Slide 8

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Can you identify the Body Planes? Slide 9 The three planes are the sagittal plane, frontal (coronal) plane, and transverse plane ( see Fig. 1-5). 1. Sagittal--longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions a. a.median or midsagittal--directly down the middle of the body b. b. parasagittal*--divides anywhere except for right down the middle; divides the body into unequal parts ( not in text). 2. Frontal (coronal)--divides the body into anterior and posterior portions 3. T 3. T ransverse--divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Regional Terms ( Fig. 1-6)  Regional terms ( anterior & posterior) are listed in Figure 1-6. All words are testable! All words are testable!All words are testable! Slide 10

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 11 Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body - cont’d  Cavities of the Body  Dorsal cavity The cranial cavity contains the brain. The cranial cavity contains the brain. The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains the spinal cord. The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains the spinal cord.  Ventral Cavity The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and contains the lungs; it also contains the mediastinum. The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and contains the lungs; it also contains the mediastinum.  Must be able to name organs located in each cavity!

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body - cont’d  The abdominopelvic cavity is located below the diaphragm.  The abdominal cavity is the upper part that contains the stomach, most of the intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys.  The pelvic cavity is the lower part that contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the intestines.  For reference, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants and nine regions.  Other small cavities discussed later in text. Slide 12

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Abdominal quadrants and regions Why is the abdomen divided into quadrants and regions? Slide 13 Can you fill in the diagram with the abdominal regions? What are the abbreviations for each quadrant?

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. A&P Review Resources  1.htm 1.htm 1.htm   Anatomy Arcade Anatomy Arcade Anatomy Arcade  Anatomy Arcade - Match A Body System Anatomy Arcade - Match A Body System Anatomy Arcade - Match A Body System  Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135 Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135 Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135 (The Bones Body Regions video is neat) Slide 14

Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Clinical Correlation  A patient is admitted with pain in the periumbilical region. Within 24 hours, the pain has localized in the RLQ. She is diagnosed with ________________?  A patient experiences midepigastric pain that radiates to the right subscapular region. She is diagnosed with _________________? Slide 15