Timeline Outline of Introduction Presentation 1.Motivation for the GEOTRACES programme 2.Status of GEOTRACES 3.Goals of this workshop 4.Format of the workshop

Mission GEOTRACES guiding mission To identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions.

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Iron as a limiting nutrient in HNLC regions

Input fluxes of bioactive metals

DataLimited for Fe Present ignorance: Existing deep ocean Fe data Stations with Fe concentrations at depths > 2000 m. As of From P. Parekh (MIT) Paucity of information about deep Fe distribution limits understanding of upwelling supply and internal cycling.

DataLimitsModels Models are based on limited data… Model of Fe cycle (Parekh et al. 2005) Model of ecosystem limitation (Moore et al, 2004)

Other essential TEIs Iron is not the only trace metal crucial for ocean biology Figure from F. Morel

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Ignorance about cycling of trace elements

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Paleoclimate indicates behaviour of climate system

The need for proxy calibration Two proxies for rate of NADW flow agree that flow is strong in Holocene, but disagree about strength of flow at LGM and during deglaciation

Mission What are “key” elements? They include: -Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems -Those tracing modern processes in the ocean -Contaminants in the present and future ocean -Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate

Timeliness Substantial interdisciplinary benefits of disciplinary study of ocean geochemistry Now 30 years since last global program in marine geochemistry (GEOSECS) Improved ability to sample the ocean without contamination Increased sensitivity of analytical instrumentation Advances in modeling permit rates and fluxes to be derived from modeling

Published in late 2006 Download PDF from Or hard copies available here (also substantially replicated in Chemie de Erde paper in your workshop folders) Science Plan

Program Elements (Implementation) Enabling Activities Standards and intercalibration Data protocols, management, archiving Modeling Test stations Ocean Sections Core activity - requires international cooperation sections Covering regions dominated by major processes National cruises with international collaboration Process Studies Targeted at processes known to be important Targeted at “anomalies” detected in ocean sections Some will focus on ocean boundaries (e.g., coastal regions) Some will exploit time-series stations

Nations involved in planning USA UKJapan Canada France China Mexico Germany Australia Brazil Netherlands India Chile Sweden Korea Peru Spain Taiwan BelgiumNew Zealand Hong Kong

SSC GEOTRACES - Scientific Steering Committee (SCOR) Bob Anderson, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, USA, Co-Chair Gideon Henderson, University of Oxford, UK, Co-Chair Per Andersson, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden Philip Boyd, University of Otago, New Zealand Ken Bruland, University of California Santa Cruz, USA Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China Hein de Baar, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands Martin Frank, IfM-GEOMAR, Germany Toshitaka Gamo, The University of Tokyo, Japan Catherine Jeandel, LEGOS (CNRS/CNES/IRD/UPS), France Bill Jenkins, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA Pere Masque, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Chris Measures, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA Felipe Niencheski, Fundaco Universidade Federal do Rio, Brazil Kristin Orians, University of British Columbia, Canada James Orr, International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco Carol Robinson, Plymouth Marine Lab, UK Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Sunil Kumar Singh, Physical Research Laboratory, India Jing Zhang, University of Toyama, Japan

Timeline Future timeline Basin Workshops -> Identify Sections & Process Studies June/September/October 2007 Basin plans to be formally approved at next SSC meeting in Nov 2007 Intercalibration and Data-Management protocols being established now First cruises - Intercalibration and IPY cruises planned for 2007/2008 Program completion - Decade-plus timescale

Sections SCHEMATIC (!) ocean sections for GEOTRACES Sections will be designed to investigate regions where targeted processes dominate trace element cycles.

AtlanticNitrate Distributions reflect circulation and biogeochemistry Much can be inferred about nutrient cycles from a basic knowledge of ocean circulation and nutrient distribution.

AtlanticNitrate Ability to make these measurements for TEIs Al traces source of Fe Fe distribution reflects biological uptake and regeneration Unpublished data of Chris Measures and Bill Landing

AtlanticNitrate Distributions reflect circulation and biogeochemistry

Atlantic Fe Fe (nmol/kg) …but existing data are limited in extent Results from CLIVAR cruises show comparable richness of features in Fe distribution.

Sections SCHEMATIC (!) ocean sections for GEOTRACES Sections will be designed to investigate regions where targeted processes dominate trace element cycles.

The major goal of this workshop…. Identify the sections (and process studies) required to meet the scientific goals of the GEOTRACES programme Provide justification and rationale for the choice of sections

Australia Canada China Japan Korea/Japan New Zealand Taiwan U.S. Tahiti Easter Island Hawaii Proposed Pacific Sections

Keynotes (Monday) Keynote 1: “ Observations and modelling the ocean Fe cycle: Role in the carbon cycle and state of understanding ” Ed Boyle (MIT, USA) Keynote 2: “ The importance of bioactive trace metals in the marine environment ” Mak Saito (WHOI, USA) Keynote 3: “ Trace element and isotope proxies: constraints on the carbon cycle ” Ros Rickaby (Oxford, UK)

Programme Logistics Programme Logistics 1: “ Intercalibration of measurements for GEOTRACES ” Gregg Cutter (Old Dominion, USA) Programme Logistics 2: “ Data management during GEOTRACES ” Chris Measures (Hawaii, USA)

Planned activities Planned Activities 1: “ The BONUS-GOODHOPE IPY Cruise ” Marie Boye (LEMAR, Plouzane, France) Planned Activities 2: “ AMANDES project ” Catherine Jeandel (Kiel, Germany) Planned Activities 3: “ Zero and Drake IPY Cruise ” Hein de Baar (RNRSI, Netherlands) Planned Activities 4: “ Arctic IPY activities ” Per Anderson (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden) Planned Activities 5: “ Mauretania to the Brazil Basin cruise ” Martin Frank (Kiel, Germany) Planned Activities 6: “ UK SOLAS work relevant to GEOTRACES ” Eric Achterberg (National Oceanography Centre, UK) Planned Activities 7: “ German SOLAS work relevant to GEOTRACES ” Peter Croot (Kiel, Germany)

Remainder of meeting Keynote 4: “ A GEOTRACER's perspective of the hydrography and circulation of the Atlantic ” Bill Jenkins (WHOI, US) Advocacy talks These will set the agenda for the breakout groups that follow Breakout groups Will focus on particular regions/questions and define sections and their justification Plenary sessions Will report discussion of breakout groups, and finalize plans

Black Finis GEOTRACES - Scientific Steering Committee Meets December in SF. Opportunity for input now!