1. Vanessa Hatje CIENAM Universidade Federal da Bahia Workshop GEOTRACES BRAZIL Santos - April, 2015 An introduction to the program

2. GEOTRACES International Programme Co-chairs: Reiner Schlitzer (AWI, Germany) Ed Boyle (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US) GEOTRACES is an international programme which aims to improve the understanding of biogeochemical cycles and large-scale distribution of trace elements and their isotopes in the marine environment Scientists from approximately 35 nations have been involved in the programme, which is designed to study all major ocean basins over the next decade GEOTRACES Science Plan (2006) 2

3. GEOTRACES Mission “To identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions” 3

4. What are ‘ key’ elements? They include: Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems (e.g. Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn) Those tracing modern processes in the ocean (e.g. Al, REEs, Ra and Th isotopes, 3 He, 15 N) Contaminants in the present and future ocean (e.g. Pb, Hg) Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate (e.g. 231 Pa, 230 Th, Cd, 15 N, 30 Si, Ba) 4

5. What are the antecipated benefits? They include: 1)Identify sources and sinks and quantify internal cycling of essential micronutrients (e.g., Fe, Zn, Co, Cd, Cu). 2)Calibrate geochemical tracers used to reconstruct past ocean conditions (e.g., circulation, chemistry, biological productivity, carbon fluxes) for more reliable applications. 3)Quantify groundwater supply of dissolved materials. 4)Improve predictions of the transport and fate of contaminants. 5

6. 6 Timeliness Substantial interdisciplinary benefits of disciplinary study of ocean geochemistry Now 30 years since last global program in marine geochemistry (GEOSECS) Improved ability to sample the ocean without contamination Increased sensitivity of analytical instrumentation Advances in modeling permit rates and fluxes to be derived

7. GEOTRACES Themes: Theme 1: Fluxes and processes at ocean interfaces: atmospheric deposition; continental run-off; sediment-water boundary; ocean crust Theme 2: Internal cycling: Uptake/removal and regeneration in water; seafloor regeneration; physical circulation Theme 3: Development of proxies for past change 7

8. Highlights of timeline 2000Group discussions at international meetings 2001Fall AGU special session and open town hall meeting 2003International Planning Workshop (Funded by NSF) SCOR sponsorship and establishment of Planning Group 2004National planning meetings and writing of Science Plan starts 2006Science Plan published; SSC forms 2007-09First cruises; IPY and intercalibration 2007Basin planning workshops (Hawaii; Oxford; Goa) First (of 3) Model-Data Workshop (Delmenhorst, Paris, Barcelona) 2009First (of 3) Arctic workshops (Delmenhorst, Vancouver, Moscow) 2010International Project Office (IPO) set up (Toulouse); Formal launch of GEOTRACES programme at Ocean Sciences meeting 2010-15 24 GEOTRACES Section Cruises 16 GEOTRACES Process Study Cruises; 3 compliant data 2012 Latin America Workshop meeting 2014Launch of first Intermediate Data Product 2015GEOTRACES BRAZIL workshop 8

9. Strategy for Global Ocean Coverage 9 International workshops define priorities for each basin National committees select elements based on: National priorities Anticipated benefits Resources Interests and expertise Coordination via international SSC

10. Status of GEOTRACES Section Cruises In red: Planned Sections In yellow: Completed Sections In black: Sections completed as GEOTRACES contribution to the IPY 52 cruises (24 GEOTRACES Section cruises) completed 10

11. 11 Global Ocean Coverage Completed GA02: Netherlands (2010/11) GA03: USA (2010/11) GA06: UK (2011) GA10: UK (2010/11) GA11: Germany (2010) GA04: Netherlands and Spain (2013) GA01: France (2014-2015) Future plans GA08: Germany

12. 12 What does the programme do? GEOTRACES science is funded and organised by individual nations GEOTRACES as a programme is more than the sum of these national efforts Intercalibration Data Management International Project Office and Steering Committee Planning, co-ordination and capacity building

13. Ensuring that data from different nations and different regions is consistent and of high quality Standards and Intercalibration Committee (Greg Cutter and Maeve Lohan) Two US-NSF funded cruises dedicated to international measurement intercalibration (2008, 2009; Cutter, Bruland, Sherrell) Writing of “Cook Books” including recommended (but not required) measurement practice Production and distribution of GEOTRACES seawater standards (Bruland et al.) Publication of L&O Methods Special Issue with 24 peer-reviewed papers: “Intercalibration in Chemical Oceanography” (eds. Cutter, Croot, Andersson) Workshops to improve intercalibration and measurement practice (e.g. Hg, particles) Intercalibration

14. Data Management Oversight by Data Management Committee – co-chaired by Andy Bowie & Alessandro Tagliabue GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) at BODC, UK. www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/ GEOTRACES Data Manager: Abby Bull geotraces.dac@bodc.ac.uk

15. International Project Office (IPO) GEOTRACES International Project Officer Elena Masferrer Dodas ipo@geotraces.org Scientific Director: Catherine Jeandel Hosted at LEGOS, Toulouse International Scientific Steering Committee co-chaired by Ed Boyle and Reiner Schlitzer representatives of 15 nations www.geotraces.org

16. Capacity Building 16 Trace metal - clean sampling technology and methods Many nations lack infrastructure and expertise for clean sampling Principal barrier is sampling at sea, not analyses GEOTRACES offers international assistance in design, construction and use of clean sampling systems

17. Planning and building 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 S. America Pacific Indian Atlantic Arctic 1 Arctic 3 Asian 1 SSC meetings Regional planning Early planning Plus many national and cruise meetings, intercalibration meetings, conference sessions, data-model synergy meetings, COST meetings… Arctic 2 Asian 2

18. GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example The power of tracers: a 3D animation example of Thorium-230 along GEOTRACES North Atlantic Sections http://vimeo.com/69990808 18

19. GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example The amount of dissolved iron released into the ocean from continental margins displays variability not currently captured by ocean- climate prediction models. The amount of iron leaking from continental margins sediments was previously assumed to reflect rates of microbial activity within the sediments Dr. William Homoky and co-authors found that rate of iron released from seafloor sediments close to continents is actually far more varied between regions because of local differences in weathering and erosion on land GEOTRACES scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications Homoky, W. B. et al. Distinct iron isotopic signatures and supply from marine sediment dissolution (2013), Nature Communications, 4:2143, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3143 19

20. A data synthesis effort of over 13,000 observations of dissolved iron concentrations. More than doubled the previous data compilation Overall, more observations have been collected in the past 5 years under the auspices of the International Polar Year and GEOTRACES efforts than were collected in the prior ~15 years Alessandro Tagliabue's and co-authors analysis was able to highlight where observations are lacking in a particular region or time of year, which they hope will assist future sampling efforts GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean Tagliabue, A., et al. (2012) A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 2333-2349, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2333-2012. 20

21. Substantial intra-basin variation of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio in the different water masses of the Indian Ocean GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example The first simultaneous, full-depth, and basin-scale section-distribution of dissolved Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the Indian Ocean (GI04), show an important variability of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio among the water masses These results question the validity of using an "extended Redfield ratio" to trace metals. The consistent mechanism yielding these variations remains to be understood. Thi Dieu Vu, H., Sohrin, Y. (2013) Diverse stoichiometry of dissolved trace metals in the Indian Ocean, Scientific Reports 3, DOI: 10.1038/srep01745 21

22. Advanced Light Source x-ray spectromicroscopy (XANES) allows a fine description of the marine Fe pool chemical speciation and mineralogy GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example New beautiful results on marine particle speciation, a challenge for the GEOTRACES community... B. P. von der Heyden, A. N. Roychoudhury, T. N. Mtshali1, T. Tyliszczak, S. C. B. Myneni. (2012). Chemically and Geographically Distinct Solid-Phase Iron Pools in the Southern Ocean: Science 338 (6111): 1199-1201. The paper identifies a diverse array of iron particles, showing impressive variations in the oxidation state and composition of iron particles between the coasts of South Africa and Antarctica As particle speciation is directly linked to the element solubilities, these differences may affect the production of bioavailable dissolved iron 22

23. GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example Arsenic detoxification by phytoplankton reveals that arsenic species could be good proxies of phosphorus limitation Some phytoplankton species have the capacity to modify surface water arsenic speciation, inhibiting its toxicity when phosphate concentrations are below those for arsenic (As) Wurl, O., L. Zimmer, and G.A. Cutter. 2013. Arsenic and phosphorus biogeochemistry in the ocean: Arsenic species as proxies for P- limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58: 729-740. During GEOTRACES cruise (GA03), fine determination of As speciation allowed establishing the potential use of these detoxification products as indicators of phosphorus (P) limitation 23

24. 24 Charette et al., 2015 Radium quartet reveals no less than four main processes along the GEOTRACES North Atlantic Ocean section (30°N) GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example Mediterranean outflow spreading rate of 0.52-0.60 cm/s derived from 228Ra, Evidence of substantial sediment/water interaction in the benthic boundary layer along the oxygen minimum zones Decoupling between 223Ra and the other Ra isotope sources over the mid-Atlantic Ridge, and Significant SGD western Atlantic.

25. 25 What is the IDP-2014? release a data product early in the programme strengthen the collaboration within the project by sharing data attract scientists from other communities (physical and biological oceanography, modelling) o Aims:

26. 26 GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 Digital Data Package (available at www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014/) eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas (available at www.egeotraces.org) o Two parts: 26 o It includes hydrographic and marine geochemical data acquired during the first 3 years of the programme

27. 27 Parameters Classical hydrographic parameters T, S, O 2, PO 4, NO 3, Silicate, CFC, SF 6, Tritium, He 3, etc. Dissolved and particulate trace elements Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, U, REEs Stable isotopes 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O, 30 Si, 56 Fe, 110 Cd, 114 Cd, 143 Nd, etc. Radioactive isotopes 210 Pb, 210 Po, 230 Th, 231 Pa, 232 Th, 234 Th, etc. Includes 237 parameters 27

28. 28 Geographical coverage 15 cruises 796 stations 27,366 samples 28

29. 29 http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014 Where to find it:

30. −450 GEOTRACES-related peer-reviewed papers included in the GEOTRACES Database available on the GEOTRACES site: http://www.geotraces.org/library/scientific-publications/peer-reviewed- papers GEOTRACES Publications http://www.geotraces.org/library/scientific-publications/phd-dissertations −20 PhD GEOTRACES-related Dissertations included in the GEOTRACES Database available on the GEOTRACES site: 30

31. Special issue of Limnology and Oceanography: Methods entitled, “Intercalibration in Chemical Oceanography” devoted to GEOTRACES Intercalibration: http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/si/intercal2012.htmlhttp://www.aslo.org/lomethods/si/intercal2012.html Forthcoming in Progress in Oceanography a special volume dedicated to the 2011 GEOTRACES Data Model Synergy Workshop (Barcelona, 14-17 November 2011). Several special issues dedicated to GEOTRACES Cruises. o GEOTRACES Special Issues: GEOTRACES Publications 31

32. GEOTRACES Researchers Analytical Expertise Database More than 120 researchers registered S&I Committee reviews and validates each new registration Available on the GEOTRACES web site: http://www.geotraces.org/science/geotraces-researchers-analytical- expertise-database http://www.geotraces.org/science/geotraces-researchers-analytical- expertise-database Please encourage your colleagues to register! On-line form available on the GEOTRACES site Looking for a specific expertise in the analysis of marine samples for trace elements and isotopes? 32

33. GEOTRACES eNewsletter Please sign it! http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/geotraces-enewsletter 33

34. Thank you very much! www.geotraces.org GEOTRACES COMMUNITY and International Coordination: GEOTRACES International Project Office (LEGOS-OMP, Toulouse, France) Catherine Jeandel (Scientific Director) Elena Masferrer Dodas (Executive Officer) 34