1. The Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study Rob Upstill-Goddard University of Newcastle upon Tyne

2. International, 10 year project Aim: to achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change. What is SOLAS?

3. SOLAS Science

5. Structure SOLAS is Sponsored by SCOR, IGBP, CACGP and WCRP IGBP Core Project Part of the Earth System Science Partnership

6. Science Plan and Implementation Strategy Order or download your copy at: www.solas-int.org Also on the web: National SOLAS activities Join email list Submit your research for SOLAS- endorsement Download diagrams, figures and air-sea photos

7. SOLAS Foci and Activities

8. Structure

9. SOLAS: The Foci FOCUS 1: Biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere FOCUS 2:Exchange processes at the air-sea interface and the role of transport and transformation in the atmospheric and ocean boundary layers FOCUS 3: Air-sea flux of CO 2 and other long-lived radiatively-active gases SeaWiFS

10. SOLAS: The Foci Foci 1: Biogeochemical Processes Foci 2:Physical Dynamics Foci 3: Release and Uptake of Greenhouse Gases BrO Clouds Over the Polar Regions Wagner et al 2001 Transfer velocity (k) determined by eddy correlation in Gas-Ex 98. McGillis et al 2001 Coccoliths deformed by raised [pCO 2 ] Riebesell et al (2000) 300ppmv  800ppmv 

11. Focus 1:Biogeochemical Interactions and Feedbacks Between Ocean and Atmosphere 1.1 Marine Particle Emissions and their Transformations 1.2 Trace Gas Emissions and Photochemical Feedbacks 1.3 DMS and Climate 1.4 Fe and Marine Productivity 1.5 Ocean-Atmosphere Cycling of Nitrogen Trichodesmium - an important N 2 -fixer that requires large amounts of bioavailable Fe

12. Focus 2: Exchange Processes at the Air-Sea Interface and the Role of Transport and Transformation in the Atmospheric and Oceanic Boundary Layers 2.1 Exchange Across the Air-Sea Interface 2.2 Processes in the Oceanic Boundary Layer 2.3 Processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes responsible for the exchange of mass, momentum, and heat transport.

13. Focus 3: Air-Sea Flux of CO 2 and Other Long-Lived Radiatively Active Gases 3.1 Geographic and Sub- Decadal Variability of Air- Sea CO 2 Fluxes 3.2 Surface Layer Carbon Transformations in the Oceans: Sensitivity to Global Change 3.3 Air-Sea Flux of N 2 O and CH 4 Net air-sea CO 2 flux based on interpolation of air-sea pCO 2 differences (Takahashi et al., 2002)

14. Brazil, Canada, China (Beijing), France, Japan, NZ and UK have funded SOLAS programmes Germany, Norway, Belgium, and EU SOLAS proposals Networks being built in the USA, India, South Korea, Russia, Chile and China (Taipei)

15. UK Programme funded by NERC: £10·3m, 2004- 2009. http://www.nerc.ac.uk/funding/ thematics/solas 11 Research Grants (£4m) and 9 “Tied” Research Studentships awarded in Phase 1(2005) 3 Research grants (£0.8m) awarde in phase 2 (2005)

16. UK Awards thus far Achterberg (NOC) Effect of atmospheric dust inputs on tropical North Atlantic plankton Archer (PML) DMSP and GBT in protecting photoinhibition /photoxidative stress and consequences for DMS and NH3 production Carslaw (Leeds) Global Modelling of Aerosols and Chemistry Green (SAMS) Algal-Bacteria Interactions and Dimethylsulphide Fluxes to the Atmosphere (ALBA) Highwood (Reading) Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) Murrell (Warwick) Role of the bacterioneuston in air-sea gas exchange Nightingale (PML) Air-sea OVOC fluxes: Seawater sources/sinks and role of the microlayer Robinson (PML) The impact of coastal up-wellings on air-sea exchange of climatically important gases Brooks(Leeds) Field Observations of Sea Spray, Gas Fluxes and Whitecaps (SEASAW) Upstill-Goddard (Newcastle) DOGEE-SOLAS: The UKSOLAS Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment Yelland (NOC) High Wind Air-Sea Exchanges (HiWASE) Carpenter (York) Transformations, volatilisation and speciation of organic and inorganic iodine in the marine environment Malin (UEA) Investigation of Near-Surface Production of Iodocarbons - Rates and Exchange (INSPIRE) McFiggans (Manchester) Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer

17. Further Info Science Plan and Implementation Strategy International Project Office at UEA, Norwich UK http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/solas/ solas@uea.ac.uk