Title about SSS and food preference (in the form of a question or answer- group did not decide) Tim Beckner, Michelle Bertling, Jai-Sheena Garnett, Allison Thomas, Kim Trimble

Causes of Overeating… -too many calories -too much good food (restaurant food and fast food) -too little activity -food used as medicine Overeating is multi-factorial -diets and prolonged caloric restriction (dieting craving binge eating) -genetic predisposition -too much stress -too little sleep.

Body Mass Index -Healthy BMI= Overweight BMI= Obesity BMI=30.

Previous Studies Satiety Sensory-specific satiety - LeMagnan et. Al (xx)- rats -Rolls et. al (xx)- rats and humans Palatability Research at Wofford - Stinnett et. al - Ross et. al - Henry et. al Which is more palatable?

Meal Choices MealCalories per gram Froot Loops 3.78 Funyuns 4.96 Rat Chow 3.30

(1)To determine food preference when offered 3 choices simultaneously (2) To determine if meal sequences determine food intake Purpose

(1) When offered 3 different foods, food deprived rats will choose to eat the most palatable until satiated. (2) Offering a sequence of meals in which palatability increases with each meal will result in the highest consumption of food/caloric intake. Hypothesis

Methods: Cafeteria Experiment 21 Male Sprague-Dawley Rats 12 hour light/dark cycle 18 hour food deprivation Foods presented simultaneously – Froot Loops – Funyuns – Rat Chow 3 rats per week

Experimental Timeline Foods removed, weighed, and returned to cages 8:00 AM8:108:208:308:408:509:009:20 9:30 Foods removed, weighed, and returned to cages 9:10 Which food do rats prefer? Begin Experiment: Insert 3 foods End Experiment: Remove and weigh all foods

Does latency correspond to this preference? Results: Cafeteria Experiment

Does the sequence of food presentation affect total food or nutrient intake?

Sequence Experiment 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats Individually caged 18 hour food deprivation

Sequence Experiment Rat given one of six treatments – TR1 – RC, OR, FL – TR2 – RC, FL, OR – TR3 – OR, RC, FL – TR4 – OR, FL, RC – TR5 – FL, RC, OR – TR6 – FL, OR, RC Counterbalanced

Sequence Experiment 18 hr food Deprivation Meal 1Meal 2 9:09 Begin Appetitive Phase 2 Present Meal 1 8:00 Measure food intake 8:509:10 Remove Meal 1, Present Meal 2, Measure Meal 1 total intake Measure food intake 9:30 9:40 Remove Meal 2, Present Meal 3, Measure Meal 2 total intake Meal 3 9:39 Begin Appetitive Phase 3 10:00 Measure food intake 10:10 Remove Meal 3, Measure food intake 7:59 Begin Appetitive Phase 1

Results But is there a more nutritious sequence?

CaloriesCarbohydrates (digestible) ProteinFat Rat Chow Fun Yuns FrootL oops Composition (per gram)

Results

Graph break down of caloric values

What did we learn? If offered 3 foods simultaneously, rats will eat to satiety on the most palatable food, eating very little of the less palatable foods. Changing the order in which you eat food has no effect on how much you eat. Meal sequence does have an effect on the nutritional value of what you eat in a meal

Suggestions for further research Use non-food deprived rats, during the time they usually eat

Who Cares?! Overweight and obese people. NASA

Conclusion Then It is better to eat Any Questions