1. Does Texture Affect Appetite
Does Texture Affect Appetite? A Study of Sensory Specific Satiety in College-Aged Males
Sc space grant symbol

2. Humans Exhibit Sensory Specific Satiety
Novel sensory properties of foods induce satiated subjects to eat more in a multi-course meal
Model of overeating and weight gain
Is this a possible method of increasing food consumption in astronauts who experience a loss of appetite?

3. Sensory Properties That Affect Food Intake in Humans
Portion Size
Palatability
Taste
Odor
Appearance
Temperature
Texture

4. Why is this important?
If we can manipulate the texture of a limited number of food items, then we can possibly increase food intake in astronauts

5. Hypothesis
Hungry subjects fed to satiety on foods of one texture will eat more of the same foods when presented as a different texture.

6. Methods: Meals Crackers (4 kcal/g) Water Crushed or Chunked:
Pineapple (0.6 kcal/g)
Cheese (3.9 kcal/g)
Peanuts (5.8 kcal/g)
Crushed
Chunked

7. Subjects 39 Male non-smokers (age 17-22)
Consumed no food or drink after midnight on test days
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for hunger and food appeal completed by all subjects before meals
Subjects divided into groups based on second meal (crush or chunk)

8. Experimental Timeline
Subject
Arrives
(males
age 17-22)
Meal 1: T=0mins
Crushed Meal
Presented
VAS Completed
T=15mins
Meal 1 ends
5min break
assigned
to either chunk or
crush group
for Meal 2
Meal 2: T=20mins
Meal 2 presented
(crush or chunk)
VAS completed
T= 35mins
Meal 2 ends
Subject Released
Fasted ~12 hrs
Signs Waiver
Reads
Animate-show guidelines
VAS-explain
Data Collection and Analysis
Food Weights measured after each meal
ANOVA and post-hoc SNK
T-Tests where appropriate

9. Subjects Crush/crush n= 19 Crush/chunk n= 17 p-value (t-test)
Height (cm)
180.0 ±1.9
181.2 ± 1.7
0.637
Weight (kg)
80.0 ± 3.3
82.1 ± 3.7
0.676
Age (yr)
19.0 ± 0.3
19.8 ± 0.3
0.075
Body Mass Index
(range)
24.3 ± 0.8
20-32
24.9 ± 0.8
0.567

10. Visual Analogue Ratings: Meal 1

11. Meal 1 Intake (mass)

12. Meal 1 Intake (Calories)

13. Meal 2 Intake (mass)
P value for cheese

14. Visual Analogue Ratings: Meal 2

15. Meal 2 Intake (calories)

16. Summary
Subjects offered a different texture in Meal 2 consumed significantly more mass and calories than those offered the same texture
Subjects offered a different texture in Meal 2 rated that meal as more appealing than those offered a second meal of the same texture

17. Conclusions and Application
Humans demonstrate Texture-Specific Satiety
Changes in texture of some foods are sufficient to increase the amount of food consumed in a multi-course meal
By changing the texture of foods, NASA scientists may be able to increase food intake for astronauts on a long-term spaceflight with limited foods available
Pilot studies

18. Future Directions for Human Studies
Consider palatability, energy density, and texture