The Skeletal System Target iz-acquired!

Functions of the Skeletal System Harm my internal organs? I dare you to try! Makes up body’s framework - gives shape to the body Supports the body Protects vital internal organs http://img56.imageshack.us/img56/9646/hddancee0sw7.gif

Functions of the Skeletal System Provides for movement Stores mineral reserves Produces red blood cells

Bone Composition Bone is living tissue. It is a solid network of cells and protein fibers surrounded by deposits of minerals. Components: 32% Organic materials (collagen and bone cells) 43% Minerals (calcium and phosphorous) 25% Water http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/lapsansk/348/bone_hist.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/lapsansk/bio348.htm&h=320&w=433&sz=25&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=KpCXAvv9AU5EIM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbone%2Btissues%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN%20%20This%20site%20has%20a%20whole%20bone%20power%20point

Bone Cells There are four main types of bone cells in bone tissue. Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone. Osteocytes are mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. Osteoclasts are large cells that break down bone tissue. They are very important to bone growth, healing, and remodeling. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/cells.html

4 main types Skeletal Tissue Compact bone Spongy bone Cartilage Fibroblasts spongy http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/graphics/bonemarrow.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/bone_marrow.html&h=167&w=159&sz=10&hl=en&start=111&um=1&tbnid=CZ36Ci_Fzp4RzM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspongy%2Bbone%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN compact cartilage fibroblasts Ligament

Anatomy of a Typical Long Bone Structure of Bone Anatomy of a Typical Long Bone Femur

Structure of bone Spongy bone is the inside layer of compact bone that is actually quite strong but lacy in appearance and contains red marrow which produces blood cells. Taking a closer look: A cross- section of the long bone. Periosteum covers bone, is a place for tendon and ligament attachment, and brings blood, lymph vessels and nerves into the bone. Compact bone is a dense layer of bone tissue composed of cylinders or tubes of mineral crystals and protein fibers, that give bone its strength. Bone marrow (primarily yellow marrow) stores fat that serves as an energy reserve and contains blood vessels and nerve cells. http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonestruc.jpg Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of Bone Osteocytes are responsible for bone growth and changes in the shape of bone. They can either deposit or absorb calcium salts Haversian canals Here is another diagram Just to help give you that visual to remember all of this! Blood vessels carry nourishment to the living bone tissue as well as removing wastes Haversian canals are interconnected networks of tubes in which blood vessels and nerves run through. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20060311120618/www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/hcp/diseasemodules/osteoporosis/figures/path_fl2a.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/hcp/diseasemodules/osteoporosis/figures/path_fl2a.htm&h=425&w=500&sz=45&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=hHLt0U2UgxGkJM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstructure%2Bof%2Bbone%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Structure of Bone Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they articulate or join with other bones. As adulthood is reached, the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) is replaced by bone and fuses, thus completing growth. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/longbone.gif http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/2003_WEB_PROJECTS/BIOE%20Web/StructureOfBone_files/image002.jpg

Structure of Bone { What parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves! Blood vessels Bone marrow Compact bone Haversian canal Osteocyte Periosteum Spongy bone 1 { 23 5 6 7 4 5 3 1 7 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/lapsansk/348/bone_hist.jpg 4 6 2

Structure of Bone Bones of the skeleton contain a combination of spongy and compact bone. Do you recognize the bone at the left? What classification (type) of bone is it? What type of bone marrow is found within the spaces of the spongy bone? Skull Bone A flat bone Red Marrow

Bone Formation Called Ossification- Process of producing bone from cartilage ________ is replaced by _________ which secrete ________deposits and then mature into __________(bone cells). ___________ break down bone and remove _________bone tissue when a bone is broken. Cartilage x osteoblasts mineral osteocytes Osteoclasts http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f6-3_classification_of__c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htm&h=600&w=391&sz=161&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=2T4wmxT4ZXibJM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DShapes%2Bof%2Bbones%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en damaged

Bone Formation Growth in Length The _______ plate (epiphyseal disc) is an area of _______ in the _____of long bones where bone _________ takes place. growth cartilage ends lengthening

Bone Formation Bone growth begins long before birth. 10 week fetus Cartilage bone of the skull Intramembranous ossification produces the roofing bones Primary centers of the diaphyses (skeleton of the lower limb) Future hip bone Bone growth begins long before birth. The basic shape of a long bone, such as an arm bone, is first formed as cartilage

Bone Formation 12 week fetus 16 week fetus Ossification begins to take place up to seven months before birth

Bone Formation Babies are born with 350 bones, many are composed almost entirely of cartilage. Latter the cartilage cells will be replaced by cells that form the bones. (ossification) The SOFT SPOT of a baby’s skull will fuse around age 2, but growth of the skull continues until adulthood. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.esg.montana.edu/esg/kla/ta/devfoot.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.esg.montana.edu/esg/kla/ta/&h=475&w=482&sz=25&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=ua5iFVQ59AR4hM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnew%2Bborn%2Bx%2Brays%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN Long bones develop and grow through out childhood at the centers of ossification (growth plates)

Bone Formation Stages of Ossification Between the ages of 16 and 25 years, all of the cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is replaced by bone. This is called closure of the epiphyseal disc, and the bone lengthening process stops. 

Bone Formation G R O W T H I N D

The adult skeleton contains _____ bones Bones of the Skeleton The adult skeleton contains _____ bones 206

Name That Bone Do you recognize these 22 bones? carpals clavicle 11 21 22 20 19 12 18 15 16 17 13 14 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 Do you recognize these 22 bones? carpals clavicle coccyx femur fibula humerus mandible metacarpals metatarsals patella phalanges pelvis radius ribs sacrum scapula skull sternum tarsals tibia ulna vertebrae 9 6 16 19 8 4 12 7 14 17 18 1 2 3 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lessontutor.com/skeleton_blank9.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_skeleton.html&h=864&w=425&sz=36&hl=en&start=119&um=1&tbnid=XP2H6lwW9MFwwM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=71&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHuman%2BSkull%2Bdiagram%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN 1cranium, skull 2mandible 3clavicle 4sternum 5humerus 6rib 7vertebra 8pelvis 9radius 10ulna 11carpals 12metacarpals 13phalanges 14femur 15patella 16tibia 17fibula 18tarsals 19metatarsals 20phalanges 10 21 22 15 13 20 11 5

Divisions of the Skeletal system Axial and Appenicular Skeletons Hellloww! http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/skeleton_labeled.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-skeletal.html&h=618&w=380&sz=51&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=aq-CQEfXs3gfQM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Axial Skeleton THE AXIAL SKELETON - CONSISTs OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE Skull Vertebral column Rib cage (ribs + sternum) Skull http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/skeleton_labeled.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-skeletal.html&h=618&w=380&sz=51&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=aq-CQEfXs3gfQM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rhinoplasty4you.com/images/normalateralis_skull.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rhinoplasty4you.com/nasal_anatomy.htm&h=463&w=500&sz=66&hl=en&start=292&um=1&tbnid=jysPezNtuZQJqM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHuman%2BSkull%2Bdiagram%26start%3D280%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Skull Bones * The Skull consists of 8 CRANIAL BONES + 13 FACIAL BONES * The Ears consists of 6 BONES and * Floating in the throat is 1 HYOID BONE http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/img_ap_ax_skeleton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_5_skeleton_divisions.html&h=173&w=220&sz=10&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Jm18c4-6IuL0RM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN Inner Ear

Also called the Thoracic Cage Rib Cage Also called the Thoracic Cage 12 pairs of RIBS 7 true ribs 5 false ribs 2 floating ribs 1 STERNUM (breastbone) http://www.accd.edu/pac/biology/a_plabs/LabEx10Week6/thoraciccageanswers.htm

Vertebral Column The Vertebral Column (Spinal Column or Backbone) 7 CERVICAL (NECK) VERTEBRAE, 12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR, 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE INTO 1 SACRUM, 4 SMALL FUSED VERTEBRAE INTO 1 COCCYX (YOUR TAIL BONE) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/img_ap_ax_skeleton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_5_skeleton_divisions.html&h=173&w=220&sz=10&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Jm18c4-6IuL0RM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Appendicular Skeleton THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON – consists of bones of the: ARMS (upper limbs) LEGS (lower limbs) SHOULDER GIRDLE (pectoral girdle) HIP GIRDLE (pelvic girdle)

Shoulder Girdles and Arms The shoulder girdle is also called the pectoral girdle Consists of 4 bones Upper limbs consist of 60 bones (the hands and wrist contain 54 separate bones). http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/img_ap_ax_skeleton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_5_skeleton_divisions.html&h=173&w=220&sz=10&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Jm18c4-6IuL0RM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Hip Girdles and Legs The hip girdle is also called the pelvic girdle Consists of 2 bones Lower limbs consist of 60 bones (the ankles and feet contain 52 separate bones)

Comparison of SkEletons The human skeleton is homologous to skeletons of other animals. Once you learn the bones in a human, you can identify the bones in other animals. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/skeleton_labeled.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-skeletal.html&h=618&w=380&sz=51&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=aq-CQEfXs3gfQM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN rat cat horse

Bone Classification by Shape 5 Types Long Short Flat Irregular sesamoid http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/lapsansk/348/bone_hist.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/lapsansk/bio348.htm&h=320&w=433&sz=25&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=KpCXAvv9AU5EIM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbone%2Btissues%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN%20%20This%20site%20has%20a%20whole%20bone%20power%20point

Shapes of Bones Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type. Short bones are short, cube- shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles. Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles (ex. cranial bones, ribs, and bones of the hip and shoulder girdles). Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They have varied shapes, sizes, and surface features and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull. Sessamoid bones are irregular bones that are embedded within a tendon. An example is the patella or kneecap.

Types of Bones 1.  The humerus and femur are examples of _______ bone. 2.  Tarsal and carpal bones are examples of _______ bone. 3.  Sternum and many skull bones are examples of ________bone. 4.  Vertebrae and the patella are examples of _______ bonez. long short flat irregular

Joints JOINTS: WHERE TWO or MORE BONES MEET Joints are responsible for keeping bones far enough apart so they do not rub against each other as they move, preventing damage. At the same time, joints hold the bones in place. Different joints permit different amounts of movement. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.art.net/~rebecca/Skeleton.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.art.net/~rebecca/LifeDrawing2.html&h=388&w=307&sz=102&hl=en&start=43&um=1&tbnid=UAsyK8UaTnrqQM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dskeleton%2Bimages%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN Joints are classified by the amount and type of movement they permit.

Types of Joints Immovable- A fixed joint, one that allows no movement bones of skull, pelvis, and sacrum Slightly movable- joint that permits a small amount of restricted movement between vertebrae, two bones of lower leg Freely movable- Permit movement in one or more directions   http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/skeleton_labeled.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-skeletal.html&h=618&w=380&sz=51&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=aq-CQEfXs3gfQM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSkeletal%2BDivisions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Classification of Joints Ribs Classification of Joints Immovable bones of skull, pelvis, and sacrum Slightly movable between vertebrae, two bones of lower leg Vertebra Tibia and Fibula http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fortunestory.org/images/assets/bones/DSCN1806s.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fortunestory.org/fortune/learning.asp&h=182&w=203&sz=24&hl=en&start=109&um=1&tbnid=-lzNByj0PjgilM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsutures%2Bof%2Bskull%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray241.png/250px-Gray241.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastasis_symphysis_pubis&h=202&w=250&sz=162&hl=en&start=59&um=1&tbnid=_s0Dz_vUkd6UCM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpelvic%2Bbones%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.bartleby.com/107/Images/small/image312.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gray112.png/180px-Gray112.png http://137.222.110.150/calnet/musculo/image/tibia%20&%20fibula.jpg Pelvis skull

Freely Movable Joints TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS A. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – Permits circular movement - the widest range of movement. SHOULDER Joint- which enables you to move your arm up, down, forward and backward, as well as to rotate it in a complete circle. HIP Joint- same range of motion. http://www.ori.org.au/bonejoint/shoulder/images/fig1b.gif http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wmt.com/HipSite/images/anim/backwards_forwards.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.wmt.com/HipSite/Patients/hip_anatomy.asp&h=255&w=180&sz=116&hl=en&start=47&um=1&tbnid=p_NsMEpgSevLSM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=78&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmoving%2Bball%2Band%2Bsocket%2Bjoint%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Types of Freely Movable Joints Continued B. HINGED JOINT - Permits a back- and-forth motion. The Knee- enables your leg to flex and extend. The Elbow -allows you to move your forearm forward and backward. The Phalanges C. PIVOT JOINT - Permits rotation of one bone around another. The elbow enables your hand to turn over. (radius rotates around ulna) It also allows you to turn your head from side to side. (atlas rotates around axis) http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/HINGE.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray338.png/250px-Gray338.png http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webrheum.bham.ac.uk/trans/Arthritis/Animation/WArthritisAnimation/LegAnimation1.gif&imgrefurl=http://webrheum.bham.ac.uk/trans/Arthritis/WArthritis/movedifferentways.aspx&h=175&w=155&sz=23&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=0xAfevZvhp-_mM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknee%2Bjoint%2Banimated%2Bgif%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en http://www.fotosearch.com/thumb/EYW_Video/EYW746/ev00155.gif http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.3d-station.com/data/articles/fichiers/review/characterStudio4/images/anime.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.3d-station.com/pages/reviews/review.php%3Fid%3D26%26page%3D1%26version%3DEN&h=301&w=200&sz=184&hl=en&start=116&um=1&tbnid=ccETyPjXChCTzM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delbow%2Bpivot%2Banimation%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Types of Freely Movable Joints Continued D. GLIDING JOINT - Permits a sliding motion of one bone over another. Found at ends of the collarbones, between wrist bones, and between anklebones. Click Here E. SADDLE JOINT- Permits movement in two planes. This type of joint is found at the base of the thumb http://insideout.rigb.org/ri/images/anatomy/big_joints_explorer2.gif Click on skeleton to link to this ^ site for an interactive animation http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML&h=276&w=382&sz=30&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=NRQr4-RKWbOgDM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaddle%2Bjoint%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.orthobiomech.info/biomec2.gif http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/9/92/250px-Gelenke_Zeichnung01.jpg http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/NAMICS/gifiles/firstcmc.gif http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/pics/gliding2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/gliding.html&h=240&w=320&sz=19&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Zd0496tUsU5EMM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgliding%2Bjoint%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Structures of a freely movable joint Anatomy of a Joint Structures of a freely movable joint 2 or more bones Cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Fat Bursa Meniscus Ligaments Tendons http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/dynamichuman2/content/gifs/0201.gif

Anatomy of a Joint Cartilage - at the joint, the bones are covered with cartilage, which is wear-resistant and helps reduce the friction of movement. Joint capsule- is a thick, tough layer that envelops the joint cavity forming a membrane or sac that adheres firmly to the periosteum of the articulating bones http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthinfo/images/ei_0244.gif

Anatomy of a Joint Synovial membrane - a tissue that lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid - a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_synovial_joint.jpg

Anatomy of a Joint Fat- Helps pad and cushion the joint. Bursa- fluid-filled sac between adjacent structures such as ligaments or bones which help reduce friction in a joint, cushion it, and absorb shock. Meniscus- wedge shaped cartilage, curved like the letter "C" at the inside and outside of each knee. A strong stabilizing tissue, helps the knee joint carry weight, and glide and turn in many directions. It also keeps your femur and tibia from grinding against each other. http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthinfo/images/ei_0276.gif

Anatomy of a Joint ligaments - tough, elastic bands of connective tissue surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's movement. Attach bone to bone tendons – another type of tough connective tissue on each side of a joint attached to muscles that control movement of the joint. Attach muscle to bone http://www.lifespan.org/adam/graphics/images/en/19399.jpg Knee Joint

Common Skeletal Disorders Fractures A broken bone is known as a fracture. This can simply be a crack or buckle in the structure of the bone, or a complete break, producing two or more fragments. http://www.seefido.com/assets/images/autogen/a_fractures.jpg

Common Skeletal Disorders Bone Fracture Repair The repair of bone fractures is similar to embryonic bone formation.

Time for Lunch. Bone Appetit! Ghost Rider vs Skeleton King. Who will win? http://i36.photobucket.com/albums/e47/priyankashis/SKELETON.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jcu.edu/bible/Images/People/skeleton1_.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.jcu.edu/bible/Humor/Halloween.htm&h=127&w=162&sz=4&hl=en&start=74&um=1&tbnid=poR-np8wE95X9M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dclapping%2Bskeleton%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/images/clapping_0001.gif http://www.planetesme.com/amazon/skeletonhic.jpg