Pathway: 1) Air enters the nostrils 2) passes through the pharynx, 3) through the glottis 4) into the trachea (aka windpipe) 5) into the right and left bronchi (connects trachea to lungs), which branches and rebranches into 6) bronchioles, each of which 7) terminates in a cluster of alveoli.

Only in the alveoli does actual gas exchange take place. There are some 300 million alveoli in two adult lungs. These provide a surface area of some 160 m2 (almost equal to the singles area of a tennis court and 80 times the area of our skin!). It is here that oxygen passes into the bloodstream and CO 2 passes from the bloodstream via the alveoli.

During inhalation the diaphragm (the muscle below the ribcage) contracts and moves downward. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.

Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation a person can make. Vital capacity is the amount of air that a person can forcibly exhale after breathing in as much air as possible. Total lung capacity is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume.

Oxidation is the process by which substances combine with oxygen. Combustion is a rapid form of oxidation that releases heat and, in many cases, light.

A ___________ is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. The formula for cellular respiration is: C 6 H 12 O O 2 → 6 CO H 2 O + Energy (Know the raw materials and products of this process!) The primary goal of cellular respiration is to ________ __________ from digested nutrients.

Hypothetical Situation: If we burned 2 samples of food and heated a test tube filled with water with the heat from our food, would the heat energy released indicate caloric content of the food? Could we also determine which of the 2 foods contained more energy?

Cells that help protect the body against disease are known as ____________________. Cells that carry oxygen to body cells are ___________ ________________. The liquid part of the blood is __________. ____________ are solid substances that aid in the clotting of blood. ALL ABOUT…

Blood vessels that travel away from the heart are called ______________. Blood vessels that travel to the heart are called ___________. The exchange of nutrients and waste products occur in the _____________, the smallest blood vessels. Circulation that occurs between the heart and the body is called ________________. Circulation that occurs between the heart and the lungs is called ________________.

A _________ is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery caused by the rush of blood pushed from each heartbeat. One’s pulse is felt at ___________ at the wrist, neck, and side of forehead.

The pump on the right side of the body receives blood from the body and circulates it to the lungs. This is called pulmonary circulation. The pump on the left side receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. This is called systemic circulation.

1)Know the direction of blood flow through the heart! 2)Be able to identify: left and right atria, left and right ventricles, septum, vena cavas, aorta, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery 3)Know which part of heart/arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and oxygen- poor blood. 4)What is the major artery on the heart? __________

Smoking, obesity, and excess cholesterol all increase the risk for heart attacks! Good nutrition and exercise lower the risk for heart disease!

Be prepared for a lab test also!