Introduction the the Earth’s Changing environment Topic 1 Introduction the the Earth’s Changing environment

4 Branches of Earth Science 1) Astronomy-The study of the solar system and universe. All matter, time energy and space. 2) Geology-The study of the Earth’s origin, history, structure and processes 3) Meteorology-The study of the Earth’s atmosphere. (Weather and Climate) 4) Oceanography-The study of the Earth’s oceans. (waves, tides and currents)

Observation The perception of some aspect of the environment produced by one or more human senses-sight, sound, touch, taste, smell

Instruments Extend Senses Make the impossible, possible Like:???? Help us make better observations

Inference A judgment based on observations An educated guess. Synonymous with hypothesis. Can be incorrect. Ex: weather forecasts

Classification: Grouping things together that have similar properties. Makes studying them easier, more understandable Examples: For living things we use Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. For stars: The H-R diagram. For minerals: The mineral identification flow chart.

Measurement Comparing a known standard to an unknown object Day 3: Measurement Comparing a known standard to an unknown object Quantifies observations Must have a NUMBER and UNIT to mean something -Ex. 6.25 cm 24o c 6 hrs

3 Fundamental Units of Measure Length Kilometer, meter, centimeter, millimeter Mass Kilogram, gram, milligram Time Year, day, hour, minute, second

Derived Units of Measure 2 or more fundamental units of measure used together. Ex. Speed: m/s – meters per second Ex. Volume: cm3 – cubic centimeters Ex. Density: g/cm3 – grams per cubic centimeter

Percent Deviation (Percent Error) Since there is no such thing as a perfect measurement, %-deviation shows you how close you are to an accepted value Difference between values Percent Deviation = _______________________________ X 100 Accepted Value

Sample %-Deviation (Percent Error) Example (put in your notes): A student found the air temperature to be 86.7ºF. If the correct temperature was 85.0ºF, what was her percent deviation? (Round to tenth’s place)

Sample %-Deviation (Percent Error) A student found the mass of a rock to be 12.0 grams. If the actual mass of the rock was 10.0 grams, what was his percent deviation? Mary estimated there were 728 marbles in a jar. When she actually counted them, she found it contained 800. What was her percent deviation? A student found the density of a rock to be 7.3 g/cc. If the actual density was 7.5 g/cc, what was the student’s percent error?

Answers Sample: 2.00% 1) 20% 2) 9% 3) 2.7%

Percent Deviation (Percent Error) The moral of the story: There is no such thing as a perfect measurement ……

Day 4: Scientific Notation A standardized way to express very large (or very small) numbers. Scientific Notation: __?__ X 10_?_ # must be exponent(+ or -) between 1.0 and 9.9

Sample Scientific Notation: HINT: If you move the decimal to the left, your exponent is positive If you move the decimal to the right, your exponent is negative 3200  3.2 X 103 0.067  6.7 X 10-2 6,250,000  6.25 X 106 0.00065  6.5 X 10-4

Day 5: Density: Measure of how closely packed molecules or atoms are in a material Density = Mass / Volume Density = Amount of Matter (grams) Amount of space it takes up (cc, cm3, or ml) Units: g/cc; or g/cm3; or g/ml

Calculating Density: D V M D = M/V M= DxV V=M/D Density = mass divided by volume Units are g/ml or g/cc or g/cm3 Sample Problems

Density Samples: If a rock sample has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 12.5 cc, what is its density? If a sample has a density of 2.5 g/cc and a mass of 50.0, find its volume. If a sample has a volume of 300.0 cc and a density of 4.5 g/cc, find its mass.

Calculate the Density of the Following in your Notebooks:

2 Methods of Volume Calculation: Regular Volume V = Length x Width x Height of a regular shaped object Usually measured in cubic centimeters (cc) or cm3 Volume by Displacement Place a known volume of water in a grad. cylinder Place the irregularly shaped object in the graduated cylinder with the water; record new volume Subtract the starting volume from your new volume to get the volume of the object.

Factors Affecting Density Temperature: As T Increases, D decreases As T decreases, D increases Pressure: As P increases, D increases As P decreases, D decreases

Important Point The density of a material will always be the same no matter how much you have of it. Example: Aluminum is always 2.7g/ml at STP. Explain w/ example

Phases of Matter and Density Phases of matter= Solid, Liquid or Gas All substances, EXCEPT water have their greatest density in the solid phase and least in the gaseous phase. Water has it’s highest density in the liquid phase at 3.98oc. That is why ice (solid) floats!

Flotation: Material with the lower density will float in a material with a greater density Water has a density of 1.0 g/cm3 . If a solid with a density of 0.75 g/cm3 is added to it, 25% of the object will be above water.

Change An EVENT is the occurrence of change. A variation that involves the flow of energy across an interface (a boundary); properties or characteristics of the environment are altered An EVENT is the occurrence of change.

2 types of change Cyclic Change Non-cyclic Change Change that repeats in a predictable pattern Ex: tides, moon phase cycles, length of daylight, length of night, seasons. Non-cyclic Change Random change Ex: Weather conditions, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes.

Frames of Reference Describe change Time How long it took for a change to occur Space Where the change occurred

Rate of Change A measure of how fast a change occurs Day 7: Rate of Change A measure of how fast a change occurs RATE OF = Change in field Value CHANGE Time

Sample Rate of change Problems A student moved 12.0 meters in 8.0 seconds. What was his rate of travel? When it began snowing at 6PM there was 4 inches of snow on the ground. By 9PM there was 12 inches of snow on the ground. What was the rate of change for the snowfall from 6PM to 9PM (to the nearest 1/10th)?

Graphing Rate of Change: Graph the following Data using appropriate scales on the graph paper provided. Temperature inside a car was noted as shown: 7AM - 18 degrees C 8AM - 20 degrees C 9AM - 24 degrees C 10AM - 28 degrees C 11AM - 30 degrees C 12 Noon - 34 degrees C

Graphical Relationships Day 9: Graphical Relationships A relationship showing how one thing affects another Direct Relationship: One quantity increases and the other one also increases As X increases, Y increases. Dependent Variable – “Y” Independent Variable – “X”

Indirect Relationship When one quantity increases and causes the other to decrease As X increases, Y decreases. Dependent Variable – “Y” Independent Variable – “X”

“No Change” Relationship One quantity changes while the other stays the same; a straight horizontal or vertical lines -As X increases, Y stays the same. dependent Variable – “Y” independent Variable – “X

Cyclic Relationship A repeating pattern of change over time. - Ex. seasonal changes - Ex. Tidal charts dependent Variable – “Y” independent Variable – “X

What does this graph say? Day 9: What does this graph say? As heat increases, body odor increases. The line tells you what the Y axis (B.O.) is doing. Body odor Heat