USHG Review Foreign Policy

A New Nation: Neutrality Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality At the end of his second term, Washington warns Americans to stay out of foreign affairs Americans stay neutral during French/British War

War of 1812 U.S. breaks tradition of neutrality by going to war with British in the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine President James Monroe, 1823 Warns Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, promises that the US will stay out of European Affairs Emphasis on neutrality (again)

Spanish-American War (1898) CAUSES: Jingoism – super patriotism and demand for aggressiveness Cubans want independence Yellow journalism – exaggerated and distorted reporting Sinking of the Maine EFFECTS: US wins Cuban independence US gets Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam US has some control over Cuba US becomes world power

America’s New Foreign Policy: After the Spanish-American War, new U.S. territorial acquisitions begin a new era of foreign policy: imperialism Imperialism: when one country takes over another by social, political, or military means.

Panama Canal Teddy Roosevelt proposes the US build a canal across Panama in order to have a cheaper, faster trade route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Built in 1903-04 (given back to Panama in 1999)

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904) Purpose of Monroe Doctrine was to maintain isolationism Teddy Roosevelt adds to it by saying the US is the police power in Latin America asserts military power and U.S. as an imperialist nation Big Stick Policy – be peaceful when possible, use force if necessary.

William H Taft’s Foreign Policy Dollar Diplomacy – US can maintain order and control in other countries by increasing economic investments in those countries. (tends to involve America in more foreign affairs.)

Woodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy – emphasized moral principles in dealing with other countries. (felt that US involvement in Panama was wrong).

World War I Causes of WWI (Europe) Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Causes of WWI (US entry) Cultural links w/ allies Propaganda Sinking of Lusitania (German sub warfare) Zimmerman Telegram

Treaty of Versailles The Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for peace Established a League of Nations – in order to prevent another world war. Americans don’t want to be in the League, do not want to be involved in world conflicts Senate rejects the treaty because of the League, US never signs it or joins the League of Nations AFTER WWI – U.S RETURNS TO POLICY OF NEUTRALITY!!!

World War II The U.S. remained isolationist through the 1920s and 1930s, until U.S. involvement in WWII… Events leading to WWII and US involvement: Fascism – Nazi Germany Totalitarianism – Mussolini (Italy) Appeasement – Europe avoids conflict with Hitler Lend-Lease Act – US aids allies with weapons and supplies. Increases US involvement. Attack on Pearl Harbor – Japan attacks US, US declares war on Japan, enters WWII. (Dec 7, 1941)

The Cold War - Containment Began as tensions between the US and USSR increased at the end of WWII, at the Yalta Conference. Stalin and FDR disagreed over plans for post-war Europe. Iron Curtain – Churchill’s phrase describing the division of East and West Europe after WWII. Containment – US policy during the Cold War – stop the spread of communism

Cold War Divides Europe United Nations forms as an effort to maintain peace. Collective Security Agreements form: - Warsaw Pact (USSR and Eastern European satellite nations) - NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – (US and Western Europe)

Cold War Conflicts Building of the Berlin Wall (1960) Bay of Pigs invasion – failure for Kennedy administration Cuban Missile Crisis (1961) – closest to nuclear war – inspires the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (JFK)

Containment Containment – stop the spread of communism Examples: Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine Korean War Vietnam War

Vietnam War Truman and Eisenhower support Diem as leader of South Vietnam JFK sends “advisors” – green berets LBJ escalates the war- Tonkin Gulf Resolution: increases Presidential Power during War increase bombing campaign and draft Triggers Anti-war protests at home

Vietnam War Cont’d Nixon: Vietnamization – decrease US military presence – make it South Vietnam’s War Increased bombing in Cambodia and Laos Congress passes the War Powers Act: limits presidential power to send troops into combat without congressional approval American troops leave Vietnam – North invades the South.

The Cold War – détente Détente – an easing of tensions Examples: - Nixon’s visit to China - Nixon’s visit to the USSR - SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty) - Helsinki Accords (NATO & Warsaw Pact) (1975)

Dealing with the Middle East Carter’s Presidency: - Camp David Accords – historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt - Iranian Hostage Crisis – new military leader, Ayatollah Khmeini orders students to take Americans hostage at embassy because of US support for the Shah.

The End of the Cold War Reagan increases military spending, from 80 to 200 billion. Saw the USSR as evil and would not negotiate. He believed in “peace through strength.” Disagreed with strategy of “nuclear deterrence” Star Wars – strategic defense initiative (SDI) Mikhail Gorbachev agrees to arms limitation, knowing that the USSR cannot afford continuing the arms race.

Persian Gulf War George H.W. Bush Operation Desert Shield – Operation Desert Storm. US attacks after Iraq invades oil-rich country of Kuwait. (January 1991)

Foreign Involvement and Intervention Clinton’s Presidency – intervention in: - Somalia - Haiti - Bosnia - Kosovo

“The War on Terror” After September 11, 2001, the US has had military presence in Afghanistan and Iraq. George W. Bush claimed Iraq had WMD’s. New Iraqi gov’t created in June, 2004. To fight terrorism at home, the department of Homeland Security was formed. Today, we have more troops in Afghanistan than Iraq