PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

PEOPLE “Everyone has a photographic memory, it’s just that some people don’t have film.”

PREGNANCY DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance – Causes: Abnormal fetal position or size Uterine inertia Narrowed birth canal – Diagnosis: Digital palpation of vagina Radiographs ultrasound

PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA TREATMENT: – Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged. – For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given – C-section

PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR DAM SHOULD: – Allow nursing – Grooming Stimulate CV,RS function Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material – retrieving – Protecting DAM SHOULD NOT: – Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young – Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Agalactia: lack of milk production – Causes include; Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in mastitis Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland – Clinical signs: Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Treatment for mastitis: – Antibiotics – Warm compresses – Do not allow nursing from affected glands

OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus” – High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus Decreased myometrial contractions Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection – Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

PYOMETRA CLINICAL SIGNS: – Vulvar discharge – Vomiting – Dehydration – PU/PD – Azotemia DIAGNOSIS: – Radiology – Ultrasound – Bloodwork Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed pyometra)

PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

PYOMETRA Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus

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VAGINITIS Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious. Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis) VS. Adult vaginitis

VAGINITIS PUPPY VAGINITIS – Causes: Inverted vulva Hormonal fluctuations – Clinical signs: Purulent vulvar discharge +/- licking the vulva – Treatments: systemic antibiotics topical douching – Signs will return when treatment is discontinued – Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

VAGINITIS Inverted vulva

VAGINITIS ADULT VAGINITIS – Causes: Anatomical abnormalities Canine herpesvirus – Clinical signs: purulent vulvar discharge +/- licking the vulva peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection Perceived urinary incontinence

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE Hyperplasia/prolapse – Occurs under the influence of estrogen Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva Treatment: – Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice – Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

MAMMARY TUMORS Usually tumors of older intact females – ~50% of all tumors in female dogs – 3 rd most common tumor in cats Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1 st heat) 50% of canine tumors are benign – Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign

MAMMARY TUMORS Malignant tumors are usually fast growing, Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are Often small and feel like a pea. Surgical removal is advised for all Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required To differentiate benign from malignant tumors

OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus

PEOPLE “I love long walks, especially when they’re taken by someone who annoys me.”

PROSTATIC DISEASES PROSTATE: Sex gland in the dog and cat – Located just caudal to the bladder, encircling the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder – Purpose is to produce a fluid as transport and support medium for sperm during ejaculation

PROSTATIC DISEASE

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA Caused by altered androgen/estrogen ratio – Mild or no clinical signs Tenesmus Enlarged prostate but not painful TX: – Castration results in a 70% decrease in size within 14 days

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

PROSTATITIS Bacterial prostatitis may be acute or chronic and it affects sexually mature dogs – Clinical signs: Lethargy Anorexia – Diagnosis: Urinalysis: hematuria, increased white blood cells, presence of bacteria – Treatment: Antibiotics Castration Prostatitis can lead to abscessation

NEOPLASIA of the male genital tract Prostatic neoplasia is uncommon, but all prostatic neoplasms are malignant Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) – Occurs only in the canine – Spreads during sexual contact – Tumors found on the penis, prepuce, and scrotum Cauliflower-like – Treatment: Chemotherapy Surgical removal of small localized masses

TVT These tumors are friable and bleed easily

CRYPTORCHIDISM One or both testicles have been retained in the abdomen or inguinal canal – Often the retained testicle is still functional Dog can still produce testoterone, show sexual desire and breed A testicular tumor known as sertoli cell tumor is more common in retained testicles These animal should not be bred

CRYPTORCHIDISM Two normal testicles Unilateral cryptorchid Treatment is castration – testicle Should be removed from the Abdomen or pushed down from The inguinal canal

CASTRATION

References Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of Companion Animals dex.php dex.php icle/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&s k=&date= icle/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&s k=&date nology-5361/the_normal_canine.htm

References