© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Efficient and Flexible Reading, 7/e Kathleen T. McWhorter Chapter 5: Patterns: Relationships Among Ideas

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers In this chapter you will learn: 1.To recognize common organizational patterns to improve recall. 2.To use patterns to aid in comprehension. 3.To use transitional words to understand relationships within and among sentences.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Common Organizational Patterns Chronological Order/Process Example of Chapter Headings: Advertising Today Advertising in the Seventies Advertising in the Eighties Advertising in the Nineties 70s80s 90s

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Common Organizational Patterns Chronological Order/Process Directional Words/Phrases In the Middle Ages… The final stage… Before the Civil Rights Act… On December 7… first, second, later, next, as soon as, after, then, finally, meanwhile, last, during, when, until

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Definition: Term –Class Distinguishing Features –Example Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Definition Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: Classical conditioning refers to… Acceleration can be defined as… Empathy means… consists of, is a term that, involves, is called, is characterized by, that is, occurs when, exists when, are those that, entails, corresponds to, is literally Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Common Organizational Patterns Classification: Trees: Deciduous, Evergreen Topic: Trees Category 1 Deciduous Category 2 Evergreen Category 3Category 4

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Classification Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: There are several types of bones… An S-corporation is composed of… Another kind of memory is… Societies can be classified as… comprises, one, first, second, finally, last several varieties of, different stages of, different groups that… Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison-Contrast: the writer shows how two ideas, places, objects, or people are similar or different. Common Organizational Patterns Topics A and B Similarities ________ _________ Differences _________ _________

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison-Contrast: For material that focuses on differences... Common Organizational Patterns Feature #1 Feature #2 Feature #3 Topic A _________ Topic B _________

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison-Contrast Directional Words/ Phrases: Snorkeling differs from scuba diving… Unlike primary groups, secondary groups… Both Faulkner and Williams... Values, norms, and ethics share… in contrast, similarly, likewise, however, in comparison, to compare, on the other hand, like, resembles, is similar, as opposed to, whereas, in the same way, instead of, in spite of, as well as Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Cause-Effect: Single Cause-Single Effect Example: Omitting a key command will cause a computer program to fail. Common Organizational Patterns Cause Effect

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Cause-Effect: Single Cause-Multiple Effects Example: The effects of inflation include shrinkage real income, increasing prices, and higher interest rates. Common Organizational Patterns Cause Effect

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect: Multiple Causes-Single Effect Example: Attending class regularly, reading assignments carefully, and taking good lecture notes produce good exam grades. Cause Effect

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect: Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects Example: Several events work together to produce several effects. Event A Event B Event D Event C

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Cause-Effect Directional Words/ Phrases: Hypertension causes… An interest rate increase resulted in… Hatred breeds… therefore, hence, for this reason, since, leads to, creates, yields, stems from, produces, for, because, as a result, due to, thus Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Enumeration/Simple Listing: Common Organizational Patterns Topic or Main Idea: Functions of Social Networks Fact 1 Influence Decisions and Preferences Fact 2 Source of Information and Advice Fact 3 Provide Companionship

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Enumeration Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: There are several characteristics of... One feature of families is... Government serves the following functions... First, second, third, numeral, letters, another, also, too, for instance, for example, finally, the largest, the least Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Mixed Patterns: Enumeration and compare/contrast Description and cause/effect Chronological order and enumeration Classification and description Common Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Statement and clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. Directional words: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously. Other Useful Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Summary Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing will follow. Directional words: in summary, in conclusion,, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole. Other Useful Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Generalization and example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. Directional words: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate. Other Useful Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Addition Indicates that additional information will follow. Directional words: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again. Other Useful Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Spatial order/location Describes physical location or position in space. Directional words: above, below, besides, next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside, opposite, within, nearby. Other Useful Organizational Patterns

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers 1.Why is it helpful to recognize the organizational pattern of a paragraph or passage you are reading? 2.What are the six common organizational patterns? 3.What other patterns do writers use? 4.What are transitional words and how are they useful? Summary Questions

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Do not assume that because two events are related or occur close in time, that one event caused the other. Always look for evidence that one event or action is the direct cause of the other. Critical Thinking Tip #5: Analyzing Cause-Effect Relationships

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