Year in Review

Lab safety Safety equipment –E.g.. Fire extinguisher, first aid, eye wash, etc Safety symbols – WHMIS Smart working –No fooling around, common sense Following procedure –Do what you are asked to. etc

Labs Variables –Manipulated – what you change –Responding – what happens due to manipulated variable changing –Controlled – what you have to keep the same Conclusion – Answers to the problem of lab - statement

Environmental Chemistry

Chemicals in the environment Nutrients – required for all animal growth –Organic – Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (Fats) –Inorganic – Minerals Fertilizers – required for plant growth –Nitrogen – leaf growth –Phosphorus – roots and fruit –Potassium – flowers and tolerance to change

Problems in the Environment and Food –Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides E.g. DDT – effect more than what they are intended to do –Bioaccumulation Food chain Increased concentrations to top of food chain E.g. Bugs – fish – birds – top predator

Acids & Bases pH scale –0 to 14 –7 is neutral –<7 is an acid –>7 is a base –Further away from 7 the stronger it is Indicators –Through a color change show strength – E.g. Litmus paper; Red=acid, Blue=base Neutralization – when one reacts with the other –acid + base  salt + water –e.g. Liming (base) of acidic lakes – to make neutral – pH 7

Air Pollution Acid rain – pH less than 5.6 – Caused by SO 2, NO 2, CO 2 – Moved around the world by global winds Global problem from industries Particulates and gases –Removed from exhaust by scrubbers and filters

Pollutants Anything not naturally occurring in the environment Toxicity –Acute vs. Chronic Short term or long term to effect something LD50 – Lethal dose 50% –How much will be the Lethal to 50% of a population PPM – parts per million –1/ or 1mL/ mL

Water Pollutants Point source –Coming from one definable location –close to release point –e.g. waste from factory into river Non point source –Location of origin not known –distant to release point –e.g. air pollution from cars (driving all over the place) Indicator tests –DO2 – dissolved oxygen –Phosphates – enhances growth –Nitrates – growth –Biological indicators

Landfills –Sanitary vs. secure –Leaching of chemicals Local problems (close to site very concentrated) Further away it gets diluted 4R’s –Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover Environmental issues –Energy Conservation –Seen from many point of views (perspectives) Environmental Political Economic Social

Chemistry

Chemicals Safety –Chemical symbols –WHMIS Workplace hazardous materials information system Symbols

Matter –Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g) –Mixtures vs. pure substances Mixtures – mechanical & solutions Pure substances – elements & compounds

Changes Physical Change –Size –Shape –State Change (s to l to g) Chemical change –New substance –Gas released (smell) –Temp change –Color change

Chemical structure Atom –Electrons (-) & nucleus –nucleus contains protons (+), neutrons (no charge) Elements –Symbols – e.g. C, O, H, Na, Cl … –Periodic Table – information about elements Atomic # equals # of electrons or # of protons Mass – atomic # equals # of neutrons Compounds –2 or more different elements combined E.g. H 2 O, CO 2, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4, H 2 O 2, NH 3

Chemical formulas Compound makeup –H 2 O – 2 Hydrogen atoms & 1 oxygen atom –CO 2 – 1 carbon atom & 2 oxygen atoms Molecular compounds –Share electrons – e.g. CO –made up of non metals Ionic Compounds –Transfer electrons from one atom to another –Ions (+ or -) –made of a metal and a non metal –Good conductivity in water due to ions Electrons are loose in the Molecule –E.g. NaCl – table salt – in water good conductor

Chemical Reactions Chemical equations –Reactants  Products –H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  H 2 O(l) –(g) gas, (l) liquid, (s) solid, (aq) aqueous - in solution Endothermic –Feels cold – energy gained in reaction Exothermic –Feels Hot – energy released in reaction

Corrosion Oxidation of metals –A reaction where Oxygen is used up E.g. Rust on iron (exothermic) Fast reaction –Hot and wet environments Slow Reaction –Dry and cold environments Combustion involves combining a substance with oxygen highly exothermic (produces heat) requires heat, oxygen and fuel e.g. burning wood e.g. gas combustion in a car

Reaction Rate How fast a reaction will take place Four factors affecting Reaction Rate –Surface area ↑ Surface Area of reactants  ↑ Reaction Rate –Concentration ↑ Concentration or reactants  ↑ Reaction Rate –Temperature ↑ Temp of reactants  ↑ Reaction Rate –Stirring (agitation) ↑ Stirring of reactants  ↑ Reaction Rate –Catalyst – speeds up reaction, is not used up

Electricity

Charges Electric Charges – caused by the movement of electrons (-) –Positive –Negative –Neutral Law of Charges –Like charges repel + & +, - & - –Unlike charges attract + & - –Charged attracts neutral + & neutral, - & neutral

Materials in electricity Insulators –Stops flow of electrons Conductors –Allows flow of electrons Superconductors –Flow of electrons with no loss of energy Resistors –Slows the flow of electrons

Circuits Pathway for electricity Electric Circuits –Large current & voltage, long distances Controlled by switches –Circuit diagrams Symbols Working or not??? Micro-electronic circuits – (circuit boards) –Small current and voltage, short distance Controlled by transistors

Circuits Parallel –Each load has its own path for elec. –Lights stay bright with additional ones added Series –Loads share paths for elec. –Lights get dimmer with additional ones added

Measuring Electricity Current (l) –Unit is the ampere (amp – A) –Flow of electrons (e) Voltage (V) –Unit is the volt (v) –Potential difference Resistance (R) –Unit is the Ohm (Ω) Ohm’s Law R = V / l

Making / Using Electricity Battery – Chemical to Electrical –2 different metals (electrodes) & electrolyte solution Thermocouple – Heat to Elec. –2 different metals attached at one end Resistor – Elec. to heat Motor – elec. to mechanical Generator – mechanical to elec. Light bulb – electricity to light Solar cell – light to elec. Speaker – elec. to sound Crystal – sound to elec

Electric Motors 4 main parts of a DC motor –Brushes Connect elec. to motor and commutator Commutator –Changes direction of current every half turn Armature –Elec. Magnets that spin Permanent magnets –Must be opposite poles

Electric Safety Prevent overheating, shock, and appliance damage –Fuses One time use, wire burns out Circuit breakers –Automatic switch – turns off with too much current –If loads add up to more Amps than breaker rated for, it cuts off

Electricity Calculations Efficiency Efficiency = (Output (useful) E / Input (total) E) x 100% Power (P) Power = Energy / time Cost Cost = kWh (usage) x $/kWh

Electricity & Environment Efficiency and conservation –Using energy efficient appliances E.G. Florescent (efficient) vs. incandescent (not) Making Electricity –Renewable – good for environment Wind, hydro, sun, tidal, …. –Non-renewable – negative impact Gas, coal, oil, nuclear, …. Alberta is primarily non-renewable

SPACE

Frames of reference Geocentric –Earth centered model Heliocentric –Sun centered model 1 day – earth’s rotation 1 year – rotation around sun

Space Co-ordinates Used to show a location of a space object Azimuth –360° for north –Compass bearing used to measure Altitude –Height above horizon –Astrolabe used to measure

Telescopes Refracting –Lenses (objective & eyepiece) Reflecting –Mirror (main objective, secondary, eyepiece, aperture opening) Radio –Radio waves – big picture – connecting telescopes Best images –From space – Hubble telescope – no distortion (adaptive optics)

Spectra Light patterns that show what a star is made of 3 types –Bright line & continuous & dark line Spectral analysis (reading the finger prints of stars) –Combining dark line spectra of elements Doppler effect –Blue shift – moving towards you –Red shift – moving away from you

Distance in space Triangulation – to measure distance to an object –Require baseline length and 2 angles –The longer the base line the more accurate the measurement Parallax –Movement of distant stars relative to a close one Astronomical unit (AU) –Distance to sun from earth( about km) Light Year –Distance light travels in a year (63240 AU) or (about km)

Space Travel Rockets –Carry payloads to space –Fuel vs. lift (mass) Satellites –Low-earth orbit Moving around the earth E.g. GPS, cameras, remote sensing –Geosynchronous Stationary to earth E.g. communication (TV & Radio)

Solar System Planets and natural satellites around sun –Elliptical orbits Inner planets –Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Small, terrestrial, few moons Outer Planets –Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto Large, Gaseous, lots of moons Natural satellites: (reflecting sun’s light) –Moon – a natural satellite to earth – Planets – natural satellites to sun

People in Space Biggest concern – dealing with near zero gravity (micro-gravity) –Effects on human body – bone loss, etc… Life support –Oxygen and food for long travel Time –Physical & mental constraints of living in a space craft for years

Biological Diversity

Diversity Differences –Different species cat, dog, rose, amoeba –Kingdoms – Animal, Plant, fungi, virus, How to tell them apart –Variation with in a species Size, color, height, breeds, … Survival –Structural Adaptations Size, wings, beaks, etc… –Behavioral adaptation Learnt things, migration, etc…

Niche –Where it lives (ecosystem – Habitat) & what it does in relation to other organisms Dependencies –Symbiotic relationship (symbiosis) Mutualism: Benefit to both species Commensalism: Benefit to one species, no harm to the other Parasitism: Benefit to one species, harm to the other Competition for survival –Predator/prey relationship Both follow any population changes (both up and down at the same period) –Competition for same food

Reproduction Asexual –Only one parent – fast – multiplies easily Spores (ferns) Binary fission (bacteria & Amoebas) Budding – animals (hydra) & plants Sexual –2 parents (variations) – gametes  zygotes Animals – sperm & egg –External vs. internal fertilization Plants – pollen & ovum –Cones vs. flowers – contain both reproductive parts –Gametes have ½ the number of chromosomes compared to the zygote

Genetic Information Variation –Continuous – many forms – e.g.. Height, mass, color… –Discrete – few forms – e.g. sex, thumb, earlobe, … Traits –Characteristics (similar things) – Dominant or Recessive –Heritable vs. Non-heritable Mutations – changes in DNA –Good and bad –Adaptations – e.g.. Parasites (diseases) adapting to withstand medications

DNA Chromosomes – strands of DNA Genes – section of chromosomes –Coding for a protein or trait Genetic Engineering –Making a new hybrid species for other DNA –Inserting genes into chromosomes

Production of Cells in Multi-cellular Organisms Mitosis responsible for growth & repair … in every cell of the body (somatic cells) starts with duplicating of chromosomes then cell splits… forming 2 daughter cells – genetically identical to parent Meiosis responsible for producing sex cells – gametes cells go through mitosis then a 2 nd cell division happens to daughter cells producing a total of 4 cells (gametes), each with ½ number of original chromosomes

Selection Natural Selection –Survival of best suited for environment –Adaptations in genetics assist to survive –Darwin – Finch birds – many different beaks for specific niche and survival Artificial Selection –Best for human use –Selective breeding

Human Impacts Negative –Habitat loss – human land usage Extirpation (gone from a smaller area) vs. extinction (gone from earth) Positive –Preserving biodiversity (Genetic Biodiversity) Natural – establishing preserves Zoos for animal biodiversity Seed banks for plant Biodiversity

Provincial Achievement Exam PAT

55 questions –50 multiple choice and 5 numeric response –take your time… read questions carefully 1 hour and 30 minutes –PLUS extra 30 min if needed –DO NOT RUSH 2 Answer sheets Bring –Pencils, sharpener eraser, calculator, book to read after Write on your test book –This is your scrap paper (use it)