Takeshi Enoki Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (GIO) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Conference on Climate Change, Development and Official Statistics in the Asia-Pacific Region (Seoul, Republic of Korea, December 2008) Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Japan

Contents 1. 1.Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Japan (the national system) 2. 2.Data used for estimating emissions and the importance of statistics

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Japan (the national system) Who is involved in the GHG inventory process? What are their roles? How is the GHG inventory developed in Japan? How does Japan improve its GHG inventory? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Japanese inventory process?

3 History of GHG Inventory Development in Japan 1992~ 1996 Beginning of GHG Inventory work in Japan A small inventory team consisting of Environmental Agency + consultants with limited assistance from relevant ministries/agencies. 1996~ 1998 Inventory team: Environmental Agency + consultants An ad hoc expert committee (9 members) was set up to consider revisions to comply with IPCC Guidelines. Relevant ministries/agencies participated in the ad hoc committee. 1999~ 2002 Inventory team: Ministry of the Environment (MOE) + consultants An enhanced expert committee (about 60 members) set up to consider improvements to the inventory. Linkage between ministries/agencies further enforced. 2002~ GIO established in Inventory team: MOE + GIO + consultants The expert committee (about 60 members) continues to play key role. All ministries/agencies are involved in the inventory development process.

4 Institutional Arrangement   Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming Relevant ministries, governmental agencies and organizations Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor Ministry of the Environment Other stakeholder organizations Provision of activity data and emission factors data National/municipal/industry statistics Measured data Fuel composition ratios Product composition ratios etc. Request to provide statistics which include activity data and emission factors. Enquiries relating to uncertainty assessment Sample numbers Identification of errors Truncation etc. Requests to improve statistics for AD and EF Expediting data collection etc. Ministry of the Environment Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (GIO) Energy, Industry Transportation, Land Use Agriculture, Forestry Part of Waste data, etc. Waste Management Management of the Committee for the GHGs Emissions Estimation Methods Development of QA/QC system Inventory compilation Assessment of methodology Uncertainty assessment Identification of major key categories Liaison with the Expert Review Panel Preparation of an information system Publication of information

5 6 subgroups The Committee for the GHGs Emissions Estimation Methods Committee members consist of external experts from government agencies, industry groups, and academia (about 60 members) The committee is in charge of methodological development of the inventory Committee for the GHG Emissions Estimation Methods Energy and Industrial Processes TransportationAgricultureWasteF-gas Inventory Working Group (crosscutting issue) LULUCF  Inventory compilation and improvement are implemented in close consultation with the Committee.

6 Inventory Compilation Process (1) 1.Review of previous inventories (by inventory team) by MOE,GIO [late October – late January] 2.Review of previous inventories (Committee for the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methods) by MOE,GIO [late November – late January] 3.Data collection by MOE, GIO, Relevant ministries and governmental agencies, etc. [late November – mid March] 4.Compilation of the Common Reporting Format (CRF) by MOE, GIO [early January – late March] 5.Check the accuracy of CRF by MOE, Relevant ministries [late March – early April] 6.Compilation of National Inventory Report (NIR) by MOE, GIO [early January – late March] 7.Check the accuracy of NIR by MOE, Relevant ministries [late March – early April] 8.Submitting and releasing the inventory by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MOE, GIO [early April – 15 April] 9.Factor analysis by MOE, GIO [mid February – mid April] 10.Documentation, archiving & reporting by MOE, GIO [Middle April – Middle May] UNFCCC Inventory Review

7 Activity data collection – –Data are gathered from published materials, if available – –In case published materials are not available, MOE request relevant ministries, agencies, industry groups, etc. to gather data Choice of emissions and removals calculation method – –Methods are chosen carefully for all sources/sinks and gases – –Efforts are made to tailor the methods to Japan’s actual conditions Choice of emission factors (EFs) – –Country-specific emission factors based on the results of measurements taken within Japan – –Default values from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance Examination and approval of methods and EF values by the Committee for the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methods. Inventory Compilation Process (2)

8 Inventory Improvement Process (1) * The area in grey shows the inventory preparation process.

9 Specific issues that need to be addressed are detected through: – –advances in international negotiations – –technical review of GHG inventories under UNFCCC – –experiences gained in preparation of GHG inventories – –information provided by stakeholders To address those issues, studies are conducted by: – –scientific research community; and – –Committee for the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methods The results of those studies are reflected in the next GHG inventory. Inventory Improvement Process (2)

10 Strengths of the National System Active engagement of ministries/agencies – –Awareness of importance of GHG inventory has been enhanced through various events. – –Recognition has been raised about the relevance of data in GHG inventory to their policy fields. Ministries/agencies are in general keen to make sure that any official announcement from government is consistent with their own policies. National GHG inventory is officially reported to the world. Ministries/agencies are prompted to cooperate to ensure their own data are reflected in GHG inventories.

11 Strengths of the National System Active engagement of ministries/agencies – –Legislation and top-down initiatives have promoted cooperation among ministries/agencies. Global Warming Prevention HQs in the Cabinet Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming Global Warming Prevention HQs Prime Minister Chief Cabinet Secretary Minister of the Environment Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Other all Ministers Chief of the HQs Assistant Chief of the HQs HQs MOE METIOther Ministries GIO

12 Strengths of the National System Committee for the GHG Emissions Estimation Methods – –Approximately 60 experts from government, industry, and academia work as committee members to cover all sources/sinks and gases. Maintenance of institutional memory – –Efforts have been made to ensure continuity of personnel engaged. – –Important quality control documents and materials have been continuously used and improved.

13 Mutually beneficial relationship between ministries/agencies – –Activity data are supplied by ministries/agencies. – –GHG inventory data are fed back to, and utilized by, ministries/agencies for their policy-making. For example: Estimates of CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion (Category 1A of GHG inventory) are processed into CO 2 emissions by each economic sector which include: – –Direct CO 2 emissions, as well as – –“Indirect CO 2 emissions” that are attributable to electricity and heat consumption  These data help formulate energy-related policies for demand side management. Strengths of the National System

14 Efforts need to be made to ensure timely completion and submission of GHG inventory. – –It takes time for some statistics to be finalized. – –Coordination of various ministries/agencies takes time. ⇒ ⇒ MOE/GIO will ask ministries/agencies to expedite the preparation of relevant statistics to meet the deadline of inventory submission. QA/QC procedure needs to be improved. – –The setup of QC such as inputted data check, review of methodologies and data archiving is not fully systematic. – –QA by a third party has not been in operation. ⇒ ⇒ MOE is examining the new QA/QC procedure by comparing it with other Annex I countries’ QA/QC systems. Weaknesses of the National System

Data used for estimating emissions and the importance of statistics What sources are used for activity data and emission factors? What are the issues or problems regarding statistics in Japan? How are the issues dealt with?

Sources of information Activity Data – –Published national statistics – –Statistics provided by Ministries (some unpublished) – –Statistics provided by Industry groups and individual businesses (some are confidential) Emission Factors and other parameters – –The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the Good Practice Guidance – –Research papers from research institutions and professors – –Data provided by industry groups and individual businesses

Activity Data for the Energy Sector Activity data is the energy consumption by each fossil fuel in original unit (t, kl, m 3 N) indicated in General Energy Statistics (Agency of Natural Resources and Energy). The General Energy Statistics have been produced since 1970s to contribute to   supporting quantitative comprehension and the situation judgment of the energy supply and demand,   energy and environmental policy making,   the evaluations of energy and environmental policy. (Thus, originally not for purposes of GHG inventory, but in fact it serves very well in inventory compilation!!)

General Energy Statistics   Coal (Steal making coal, Imported steam coal, Indigenous steam coal, Hard coal, Anthracite & Lignite)   Coal products (Coke, Coal tar, Coal briquette, Coke oven gas, Blast furnace gas, Converter furnace gas)   Oil (Crude oil for Refinery, Crude oil for Power Generation, Bitumous Mixture Fuel, Natural Gas & Condensate)   Oil Products (Gasoline, Naphtha, Reformed Material Oil, Jet fuel, Kerosene, Diesel oil, Fuel oil A, B, C, Lubricating oil, Asphalt, Non Asphalt Heavy Oil Products, Oil coke, Galvanic furnace gas, Refinery gas, LPG)   Natural Gas (LNG, Indigenous Natural Gas)   Town gas/ etc. The types of energy reported in the General Energy Statistics are

General Energy Statistics (2) The General Energy Statistics are developed by using various types of public statistics as follows   Yearbook of Production, Supply and Demand of Petroleum, Coal and Coke (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; METI)   Yearbook of Mineral Resources and Petroleum Products Statistics (METI)   Yearbook of the Current Survey of Energy Consumption (METI)   Profile of Supply and Demand for Electric Power (Agency of Natural Resources and Energy; ANRE)   Statistical Survey on Gas Utility Industry (ANRE)   Statistical Yearbook of Motor Vehicle Transport (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transports; MLIT)   Statistical Survey on Coastwise Vessel Transport (MLIT)   Statistical Yearbook of Air Transport (MLIT)   Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)/ etc.

Statistics for other sectors Industrial processes – –Data provided by Cement Association – –"Yearbook of Chemical Industries Statistics“ – –"Yearbook of Mineral Resources and Petroleum Products Statistics“ – –Fgas data provided by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry – –Data provided by manufacturing plants Agriculture – –“Report of Livestock” – –FAO STAT database – –"Statistics of Arable and Planted Land Area“ – –"Crop Statistics“ LULUCF – –Forestry Status Survey [-2004] – –National Forest Resources Database [2005-] – –Statistics of Cultivated and Planted Area – –World Census of Agriculture and Forestry – –Land Use Status Survey Waste – –Waste disposal management office of Tokyo – –Ministry of Environment Survey – –Sewerage Statistics (MILT survey) – –Waste Treatment in Japan

Issues regarding statistics Some statistics are not published in time to be included in the inventory. ⇒ ⇒ The Committee for the GHGs Emissions Estimation Methods has recommended for all relevant Ministries to cooperate in the timely provision of the necessary data. Activity dataset may have consistency issues due to unforeseen circumstances – –Data definitions may change over time – –Collection of a certain statistic may end at a certain point in time ⇒ ⇒ MOE/GIO are in constant contact with the data collectors. MOE/GIO are notified of possible problems with data collection and all Parties will consider ways to resolve the issue.

22 Inventory Improvement Process (1) * The area in grey shows the inventory preparation process. All issues are considered by the the Committee for the GHGs Emissions Estimation Methods and their recommendations are implemented by MOE/GIO and all relevant Parties.

GHG Inventories are fundamental in climate change policy. Statistics used in the inventory are crucial in compiling a good inventory. However, in most cases, statistics are not specifically collected for inventory compilation. Inventory compilers must carefully consider the available sources for inventory use. They may find necessary statistics in public statistics or municipal statistics, industry groups, individuals, or academia. Having a national system with active participation from relevant Ministries, agencies, industry, etc. has helped the inventory process and the quality of the GHG inventory in Japan. Summary

Thank you!! Takeshi Enoki