Foreign Policy, Imperialism, & WWI ( ) Overseas Expansion – Causes: Western frontier is closed Businesses seek new markets and raw materials Competition from Europe Effects: Strong navy is developed Open Door Policy with China U.S. gains land after Spanish-American War Panama Canal is built and U.S. uses the military to protect interests in Latin America

Foreign Policy, Imperialism, & WWI ( ) Motives – Economic – resources and markets Nationalism – competition with the world (Jingoism) Military – need for naval bases Humanitarian/Religious – spread western ideas and Christianity

The Spanish-American War Causes – Expansion into Latin America and the Pacific Rebellions against Spain in Cuba and the Philippines Yellow Journalism and pressure to expand Sinking of the USS Maine DeLome Letter Teller Amendment

The Spanish-American War Effects – Treaty of Paris U.S. defeats Spain in 3 months Spain recognizes Cuba’s Independence (U.S. control) Puerto Rico, Philippines, & Guam become U.S. territories Other Effects - Platt Amendment Hawaii Insular Cases (Does the Constitution follow the flag?)

Theodore Roosevelt – “Big-Stick” Policy Panama - Aggressive Foreign Policy; Poor relations with Latin America. Need for a canal to hang on to new territories. Supported a revolt in Panama vs. the Colombians. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 – The U.S. had long-term control of the canal w/o British interference. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903 – gave U.S. control Many die due to yellow fever. Roosevelt Corollary –  Attached to Monroe Doctrine.  Used to protect countries from European debt.

Theodore Roosevelt – “Big-Stick” Policy East Asia - Maintain Peace Russo-Japanese War – Japanese blamed the U.S. because intervention didn’t go their way. Gentlemen’s Agreement – less discrimination for less migration Great White Fleet – show of U.S. naval power Root-Takahira Agreement 1908 –  Mutual respect for Pacific lands  Open door w/ China

William Howard Taft – “Dollar Diplomacy” East Asia - Invest Dollars instead of war; Promote trade by supporting American enterprises. Invest in railroads in China with other nations. Problem with Manchuria –  Russia and Japan excluded the U.S. from this territory. Latin America - Intervened in Nicaragua – to protect American investments Lodge Corollary 1912 –  Non-European powers will be excluded from owning land in the Western Hemisphere.  Angered Japan and Latin America Sent Marines during a Civil War – remained until 1933.

Woodrow Wilson – “Moral Diplomacy” Philippines, Puerto Rico, & The Panama Canal - New Freedom – Called for a moral stance toward foreign affairs. Philippines – Jones Act 1916  Full status  Bill of rights and male suffrage  Independence with a stable government Puerto Rico – 1917 – U.S. citizenship and limited self-government. Panama – repealed U.S. exemption on toll. Conciliation Treaties –  Commission to handle disputes.  One-year cool off time.

World War I

World War I Causes – (MAIN) Military Build Up Systems of Alliances Imperialism Intense Nationalism Assassination of Franz Ferdinand EUROPE BREAKS INTO WAR United States Response - Wilson declares neutrality American opposition to war (Populists, Progressives, Socialists) Wilson wins re-election - - “He kept us out of War”

America Pushes Towards Involvement in War - European Powers Hinder American Trade; British Naval Blockades German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Lusitanian / Sussex (Sussex Pledge Broken) Increased Trade and Bank Loans to Allies (Forced By British Blockade) American Public Opinion – Majority of Americans sympathized with Allies British created war propaganda National Defense Act of 1916 increased army and built naval ships Zimmerman Telegraph – Secret offer from Germany to Mexico proposing aid to Mexico to reclaim land lost in Mexican–American War (Intercepted by British) Russian Revolution – Overthrow of Russian czar allows Wilson to support Russian involvement

WILSON CALLS ON CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR “TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” APRIL 6, 1917 CONGRESS DECLARES WAR HOME FRONT - INDUSTRY AND LABOR CREATION OF WAR AGENCIES  War Industries Board – decided on production needs and set prices of goods  Food Administration – worked to conserve American consumption of food  Fuel Administration – push to save coal – use of daylight savings time  National War Labor Board – government settles labor disputes (gains for workers)

INCREASE IN AVAILABILITY OF JOBS  Women – men being drafted into army opened up opportunities for women to join work force (aided push for increased women’s rights)  African Americans – large numbers of southern sharecroppers/tenant farmers migrated north  Mexican Americans – thousands crossed U.S.-Mexican border for job opportunities (agriculture/mining)

Restriction of Civil Liberties – Committee of Public information – created U.S. war propaganda Socialist and pacifist groups continued to protest war Congress passes Espionage Act (1917) Sedition Act (1918) creating harsh penalties for public opposition to the government Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years in jail for public opposition to war Supreme Court upheld laws in Schenck v. United States – “clear and present danger” Financing the War – sale of Liberty Bonds, increase in taxes, private loans

War Front – U.S. sends aid to Europe U.S. Navy protects merchant ships from German submarine blockade AEF led by General Pershing is deployed and eventually leads the attack on Germany AEF stops German advance and attacks November 11, 1918 – Germany signs armistice

Peace Process – The Big Four (U.S., G.B., France, and Italy) Wilson argues for “Peace without Victory” Wilson presents his Fourteen Points - freedom of seas, arms reduction, adjust colonial claims, and the formation of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles Territorial Losses - Germany lost 13 % of its land, its annexed land (Alsace-Lorraine) and all colonies in Africa and the Pacific. Military Restrictions - Size of German army strictly limited, Germany not allowed to produce war materials, and not allowed troops in the Rhineland. War Guilt - Germany took blame for WWI and had to pay $31 billion in reparations for costs of the war. The League of Nations - General associations of nations to protect all countries independence.

Congress Refuses To Sign The Treaty Of Versailles – Opponents claim that the League of Nations will bring us into future wars Irreconcilables – refuse to sign no matter what Reservationists – would sign if some changes were made (Led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge) Wilson unwilling to negotiate U.S. rejects Treaty of Versailles

The United States After WWI Economy slows as wartime production ends Dawes Plan – Post war debt Demobilization  Troops face adjustment difficulties  Women and minorities lose jobs  African Americans continue to face segregation and discrimination  Overall feeling of “Gloom & Doom” Red Scare – Palmer Raids