SociologyChapter 16 Population and Urbanization Preview Section 1: Population ChangePopulation Change Section 2: Urban LifeUrban Life Chapter Wrap-Up

SociologyChapter 16 Read to Discover What factors affect the size and structure of populations, and how do sociologists measure these factors? How do sociologists explain population change, and what programs have been instituted to control population growth? Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Question What factors affect the size and structure of populations, and how do sociologists measure these factors? Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Size of Populations Birthrate—(annual number of live births divided by total population) times 1000 Death Rate—(annual number of deaths divided by total population) times 1000 Migration Rate—(annual number of people who move into a specified area per 1000 members) minus (annual number of people who move out of a specified area per 1000 members) Growth Rate—rate at which a country’s population is increasing; birthrate minus death rate Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Structure of Populations Population Composition — age and sex Population pyramid for each society shows the percentages of men and women falling into various age groups U.S. pyramid shows a bulge reflecting the sharp rise in birthrate from the late 1940s through the early 1960s as family life resumed following World War II Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Question How do sociologists explain population change, and what programs have been instituted to control population growth? Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Region Growth Rate (%) Death Rate Birthrate Deaths Live Births Total Pop. North South East West 443,59210,9835, ,0225,8422, ,18413,4018, ,83527,47710, RATES OF POPULATION CHANGE Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Malthusian Theory—geometric population growth but arithmetic food production; population growth could outpace food production Demographic Transition Theory— lower birthrate and lower death rate as a result of a higher stage of technological development Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Controlling Population Growth Family Planning—conscious decision by couples to have a certain number of children Economic Improvements—better health, higher levels of income and education will lead to lower birthrates Section 1: Population Change

SociologyChapter 16 Read to Discover How did cities evolve, and why is urbanization such a recent event? What models have been proposed to explain the structure of cities, and what theories have been put forth to explain city life? Section 2: Urban Life

SociologyChapter 16 Question How did cities evolve, and why is urbanization such a recent event? Section 2: Urban Life

SociologyChapter 16 Cities arose with the Agricultural Revolution and preindustrial cities were small Different occupations were located in distinct sectors and people were segregated into classes or castes Unsanitary conditions led to high death rates During the Industrial Revolution people came to the cities in search of jobs Section 2: Urban Life Evolution of the City and Urbanization

SociologyChapter 16 Today 75 percent of Americans live in urban areas, and almost every region of the country is heavily urbanized Urbanization in more-developed nations has generally followed an ordered progression and has resulted in increased rates of literacy, greater economic opportunities, and improved health care Section 2: Urban Life Evolution of the City and Urbanization

SociologyChapter 16 Question What models have been produced to explain the structure of cities, and what theories have been put forth to explain city life? Section 2: Urban Life

SociologyChapter 16 Concentric Zone Model Anomie Theory Compositional Theory Sector Model Subcultural Theory Multiple-Nuclei Model Section 2: Urban Life MODELSTHEORIES

SociologyChapter 16 Models of Cities Concentric Zone Model—city spreads outward from center, resulting in a series of circles, or zones Sector Model—city grows in wedge-shaped sectors outward from center to edges of the city Multiple Nuclei Model—city develops around several centers of activity, or “nuclei,” devoted to specialized land use Section 2: Urban Life

SociologyChapter 16 Theories of City Life Anomie Theory—city is anonymous and unfriendly, and carries negative consequences for residents Compositional Theory—greater diversity of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles Subcultural Theory—people can find others with similar interests in diverse cities; some people form close ties Section 2: Urban Life

SociologyChapter 16 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas 1.Describe the three demographic variables that determine the size of a population and the population’s composition and distribution. 2.What are some of the programs that have been used to control population growth? 3.Describe how cities evolved throughout history and explain why urbanization is such a recent event. 4.What models do sociologists use to explain the structure of cities? 5.What social problems has urbanization helped to create?