34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present QUIT 34 CHAPTER The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present Chapter Overview Time Line 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence SECTION MAP 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence SECTION SECTION 3 New Nations in Africa 4 Conflicts in the Middle East GRAPH SECTION Visual Summary

34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present HOME 34 CHAPTER The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present Chapter Overview After World War II, imperialist powers rethink the cost of colonies, which are demanding independence. The imperialists differ in the speed with which they relinquish control and in the amount of preparation for independence they provide.

34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present HOME Time Line 1945 CHAPTER The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present Time Line 1945 Sukarno proclaims Indonesian independence. 1954 Algerians begin to fight French rule. 1975 Angolan civil war begins after Portuguese withdrawal. 1997 Mobuto dictatorship in Zaire falls. 1945 2002 1947 India gains independence. 1963 Kenya wins independence. 1986 Popular vote ousts Marcos’s dictatorship in the Philippines.

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence HOME 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence Key Idea At the end of World War II, South Asians demand independence. Britain partitions the Indian subcontinent into two new nations, India and Pakistan; a part of Pakistan later becomes Bangladesh. Britain also frees Ceylon. Overview Assessment

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence HOME 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence TERMS & NAMES Overview • Congress Party • Muslim League • Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Lord Mountbatten • partition • Jawaharlal Nehru • Indira Gandhi • Rajiv Gandhi • Benazir Bhutto MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW New nations emerged from the British colony of India. India today is the largest democracy in the world. Assessment

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence HOME 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Write about prominent Indian prime ministers from independence in 1947 through 1989. 1947 Nehru 1984 Rajiv Ghandi 1966 Indira Ghandi continued . . .

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence HOME 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence Section 1 Assessment 2. Do you think that India’s political and economic success is crucial to the future of democracy in Asia? Why? THINK ABOUT • India’s influence in Asia • religious and ethnic differences and conflicts • social implications of economic failure ANSWER Possible Responses: Yes, because India is one of the most populous countries and the largest democracy in the world. If India can have a democracy with so many different ethnic and religious groups, other, smaller countries should be able to as well; other Asian countries look to India for guidance. continued . . .

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence HOME 1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence Section 1 Assessment 3. What were some of the problems shared by leaders of India and Pakistan? THINK ABOUT • the factions within these countries • their thoughts about independence • how their problems were resolved ANSWER Possible Response: Both countries had large minorities that were in conflict with the majorities. Both struggled to establish democracy. Both faced problems of poverty and economic development. End of Section 1

Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence HOME 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAP Key Idea Some of the Southeast Asian colonies that become independent after World War II prosper, while others suffer under authoritarian regimes. Overview Assessment

Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence HOME 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Ferdinand Marcos • Corazón Aquino • Aung San • Aung San Suu Kyi • Sukarno • Suharto MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The European colonies in Southeast Asia became independent countries in the postwar period. The power and influence of the Pacific Rim nations are likely to expand during the next century. Assessment

Challenges Following Independence HOME 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the major challenges the countries below faced following independence. Nation Colonizer Challenges Following Independence The Philippines Burma Indonesia Military bases Bell Act Difficulties with democracy Assassinations Marcos stealing money United States Unstable governments Assassinations Ethnic conflicts Britain Ethnic conflicts Coup Huge gap between rich and poor Netherlands continued . . .

Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence HOME 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. Why do you think that the United States demanded a 99-year lease on military and naval bases in the Philippines? THINK ABOUT • U.S. economic interests in the Philippines • geographical location • reasons for military presence ANSWER Possible Responses: • To protect U.S. economic interests • The location of the Philippines made it an important military outpost. • Bases were a reminder to surrounding countries of U.S. military force. End of Section 2

New Nations in Africa Key Idea 3 HOME 3 New Nations in Africa Key Idea Colonizers differ in their willingness to grant independence to their African colonies and in the amount of help they give their colonies in preparing to become modern nations. Overview Assessment

New Nations in Africa Overview 3 • Negritude movement • Kwame Nkrumah HOME 3 New Nations in Africa TERMS & NAMES Overview • Negritude movement • Kwame Nkrumah • Jomo Kenyatta • Mau Mau • Mobutu Sese Seko • FLN • Ahmed Ben Bella MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After World War II, African leaders threw off colonial rule and created independent countries. Today, many of those independent countries are engaged in building political and economic stability. Assessment

HOME 3 New Nations in Africa Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each country shown below, list an idea, an event, or a leader important to that country’s history. Ghana Kenya Zaire Algeria Angola Took its name from African kingdom of the past Nairobi became a major business center. Renamed the Congo Ben Bella was prime minister and president. Fought Portuguese for independence continued . . .

HOME 3 New Nations in Africa Section 3 Assessment 2. Why do you think that non-African nations supported certain factions that claimed power in the newly independent nations of Africa? THINK ABOUT • economic interests of the non-African nations • Lumumba’s request for Soviet aid in the Congo • U.S. support of the FNLA • the Cold War ANSWER Possible Responses: The factions may have promised non-African nations economic opportunities, such as trading or business privileges, in return for support; the non-African nations may have wanted to preserve economic interests they already had in the region. continued . . .

HOME 3 New Nations in Africa Section 3 Assessment 3. Why do you think revolution swept so many African nations following their independence from European rule after World War II? THINK ABOUT • how World War II influenced Africans • the conditions preceding independence • economic interests of European powers and newly independent nations ANSWER Possible Responses: • There were many different religious and ethnic groups with competing interests. • Europeans, Americans, and Soviets supported different groups. • World War II had given Africans a new confidence. End of Section 3

Conflicts in the Middle East Key Idea 4 HOME 4 Conflicts in the Middle East GRAPH Key Idea The division of Palestine and the creation of the new nation of Israel after World War II result in conflict between Israeli and Palestinian nationalist movements that continues today. Overview Assessment

Conflicts in the Middle East Overview 4 • Balfour Declaration HOME 4 Conflicts in the Middle East GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Balfour Declaration • Suez Crisis • Six-Day War • Anwar Sadat • Golda Meir • Menachem Begin • Camp David Accords • Hosni Mubarak • PLO MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Division of Palestine after World War II made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements. The conflict in the Middle East threatens the stability of the region today. Assessment

Conflicts in the Middle East 4 4 HOME 4 Conflicts in the Middle East GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some important political and military events that occurred following the Suez Crisis. Suez Crisis Six-Day War Yom Kippur War Sadat peace offer Camp David Accords continued . . .

Conflicts in the Middle East 4 4 HOME 4 Conflicts in the Middle East GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 2. Explain the conflict between Jews and Arabs over a Palestinian homeland. What does each side believe? What other factors influence this issue? THINK ABOUT • the Balfour Declaration • the ancient history of the Middle East • the economics of oil ANSWER Possible Responses: • Jews believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a covenant from God. • Palestinian Arabs believe the land has belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135. • Other Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their 7th-century conquest of the region. • Other influences: oil interests; global politics; persecution of Jews in Europe. End of Section 4