Spain's Powerful Empire Philip II Wealth 390,000 pounds of Gold 16,000 tons of silver Philip claimed 25% of all this Used it to Finance his 50,000 Army

Defender of Catholicism Deeply Religious- Monastery in his Palace 1571 the pope Asked for help against the Ottoman Turks, Philip’s fleet of 250 ships won at Lepanto 1588 Sent the Armada to attack Protestant England It failed ( That’s why we are still speaking English)

Problems weaken the Empire Inflation & Taxes- 1.Silver floods the market,2. Looses valuable artisans & business men when he expels Jews &Moors, 3.Nobles did not have to pay taxes Sent money to enemies – 1. People bought goods from France, England, & Netherlands because it was cheaper,2. Borrowed money from Italian & German Bankers

Continued Dutch Revolt Protestants vs Catholics Won by flooding the countryside 1579 Netherlands Protestant Belgium Catholic

Absolutism Try to ensure all power stays in their hands Divine right- God gives Kings power to act as his representative on earth Churches loss of power helps monarchs gain more control Centralization of governments & crisis final piece

France’s Ultimate Monarch war between Hugenots(Protestant) & Catholics Henry of Navarre- Hugenot marries a Catholic princess, when she dies He becomes Henry IV (Bourbon Dynasty) “Paris is well worth a mass”(Turns Catholic) Orders Edict of Nantes (religious tolerance)

Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII (weak) hires Cardinal Richelieu (CR) as minister 1.CR makes France strong by forbidding Walls around protestant cities 2.Tears down castles 3.Started 30 year war with the Hapsburgs The war brings out skepticism-nothing could be ever known for certain

SUN KING-- LOUIS XIV Cardinal Mazarin is running France when Louis is a boy At his death Louis takes over (23) “I am the State” Limited noble power by making them stay at his palace Hires Jeane Baptiste Colbert as minister of finance (Mercantilism) Export more than you import

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Versailles 2 billion in 1994 dollars 36,000 laborers Main- 500 yards 2 wings each 150 yards 2000 rooms 15,000 acres 1400 fountains

Versailles

Disastrous Wars 1660 France 20 million people 4 X larger than England 10 X larger than Netherlands Army 100,000 in peace, 400,000 war Failed in getting the Netherlands England, Spain, Germany form an alliance War of Spanish Succession

Finished Everybody against Spain & France Results – England- big winner Gibraltar, asiento, Hudson Bay area 2 years later Louis died leaving the country in debt Abuse of power cursed his heirs & led to eventual revolution

Central European Monarchs clash 30 year war starts in 1618 Protestant vs Catholics (Germany) 30 years of destruction 2 eras Hapsburg Triumphs then defeats Triumphs- Spain & Austria Win Defeats- Gustavus Adolphus (military genius) from Sweden drives Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany

The End of the War France (Catholic) takes the side of the Protestants over fear of a stronger Hapsburg Dynasty Peace of Westphalia – ends the war (1648 Weakens Spain France gets German Territory End religious wars (ends Catholic Empire) German princes are independent BEGINS the Modern State System

Central Europe differs from the West Formation of states slower Central European nobles hold down serfs The region is devastated after 30yr war Exception is Austria is still strong Conquered Bohemia & took back Hungary from Ottamans

Prussia & Austria Clash Prussia – Hohenzollerns Family Build a strong army, Have the nobles (Junkers) as the only officers, starts a military society Frederick William Frederick William II (The Great)

Leaders Austria Maria Theresa religious Married for love 16 kids Limited nobles power Helped the peasants Prussia Frederic the Great Athiest Married for status No son Aggressive

War of Austrian Succession 1740 Maria Theresa succeeded her father Frederick tries to take her Silesia Land Austria & Britain vs. Prussia & France She stopped the aggression but lost Silesia

Seven Years War Maria signed a treaty with the French So Prussia signs with Britain The war is fought in Europe, India, North America Nothing changed in Europe North America – France lost its colonies to Britain India- Britain gains full control