The Societal Acceptance of Online Degrees in the Arab World: Evidence from Two Countries Dr. Alaa Sadik, Sultan Qaboos University Sultanate of Oman

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The Societal Acceptance of Online Degrees in the Arab World: Evidence from Two Countries Dr. Alaa Sadik, Sultan Qaboos University Sultanate of Oman

Introduction  There is a remarkable increase and interest in the distance education programs and degrees offered by traditional and distance education universities in the Arab countries.  In response to this development and interest, distance education has become one of the important alternatives for those who could not attend or enroll in conventional universities.

Introduction  However, there is a common belief in the society that on-campus degrees are better than off-campus degrees, for many reasons.  Therefore, Arab employers, families and students may feel reluctant to accept distance education as a formal alternative to conventional face-to-face education.

Problem  Few studies have been conducted to assess the acceptability of online distance education degrees by the Arab society.  Distance education institutions in the Arab world do not have adequate research-based information about the perceived value of online degrees in the Arab society.

Purpose Investigate the societal acceptance of degrees earned wholly online and defining the factors that positively or negatively affect the perceived value of these degrees in two Arab countries; Egypt and Oman.

Research Questions 1. How acceptable are online distance education degrees by the Arab society? 2. What are the factors affecting the acceptability of online distance education degrees that need to be considered by distance education institutions and developers?

Significance of the Study Guide the future development of online distance education programs and help changing policies that lead to improvement of online teaching and learning conditions.

METHOD: INSTRUMENT AND SAMPLING  Acceptability of Online Degrees Questionnaire  Part1: Acceptability of online degrees Credibility the extent to which online degrees are credible or trustworthy. Quality the characteristics and standards of the online program.  Part 2: Factors affecting the acceptability of online distance education degrees

METHOD: INSTRUMENT AND SAMPLING  Responses were received from 479 participants from Egypt and Oman.  - “harvested lists” technique, non-probability samples, was employed.  These types of non-probability samples can be useful and appropriate for collecting data from the public.

Results Question1: How acceptable are online distance education degrees by the society? Overall, degrees earned via online distance education programs are by no means as acceptable as traditional degrees, and that a degree earned online is in many ways not similar to those earned in traditional education settings (79.39%).

Results: Credibility Sub-scale Strongly Agree & Agree % MeanStd. Dev. 1. Online distance education can solve a lot of our educational problems in the Arab world Online distance education increases access to education and training in the Arab world It is easy to apply for admission to an online program in Arab country, compared to conventional education programs in the same region Online degrees in the Arab world are more revenue-driven than intellectually driven Online courses are not rigorous enough to ensure mastery of a subject area

Results: Credibility Sub-scale Strongly Agree & Agree % MeanStd. Dev. 6. I have no issues with an online program once it comes from an institution with a reputable conventional program It is way too easy to cheat in an online program With or without a face-to-face component, online programs are not legitimate I would normally prefer to hire a graduate with a conventional degree over one with an online degree for a position in my company Many aspects of education are sacrificed in online programs compared to conventional way

Results Sub-scale Strongly Agree & Agree % MeanStd. Dev. 11. Online education in the Arab world is lower in quality than traditional, face-to-face education Online programs can achieve the same outcomes as conventional ones if the courses are well-designed Online programs fail to establish a sense of academic community The value of interaction in online programs can never be equaled with value of face-to-face interaction in conventional settings Unlike conventional programs, the time spent in the laboratory learning new techniques in certain courses are significantly curtailed…

Results Sub-scale Strongly Agree & Agree % MeanStd. Dev. 16. Accredited online programs are able to meet all the standards of the conventional programs An online graduate is less prepared for working (as a teacher, doctor, engineer, etc.) than a conventional graduate Online programs do not develop the verbal and communication skills of the candidates as conventional programs Low quality of instruction is a major weakness of online programs in the Arab world Online programs increase the quality of teaching and learning if they integrate all forms of media and technology Overall, online programs in the Arab world are not effective for student learning

Results Major business sectors CredibilityQualityOverall Score MeanS.D.MeanS.D.MeanS.D. (1) Government/public administration (2) Professional (3) Scientific (4) Manufacturing (5) Education (6) Financial Services (7) Medical/Pharm (8) High-Tech F4.51* Scheffe test(1)> (7)

Results Aspects that affect the credibility and quality online degrees Factors Extremely & Moderately Concerned % MeanStd. Dev. 1. Interaction between students and the instructor Credibility with employers Interaction among students themselves Instructor support Qualifications of instructors Academic collaboration among learners Motivation of students to learn Authenticity of students’ work Admission regulations Quality of course content and materials Quality of learning outcomes Preparation for working in conventional settings

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study confirms the public belief that traditional degrees are still more preferable than online degrees in the Arab world for many reasons. If online distance education universities can dispel these fears and concerns, it may raise the perceived quality of online degrees by the society.