Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter 3 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter Outline Freud discovers the unconscious Freudian theory of personality Application: Psychoanalysis Assessment: Projective tests Strengths and criticisms of Freud’s theory © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Freud Discovers the Unconscious Studies in Hysteria, published by Freud and Breuer Case of Anna O. and use of hypnosis in treating hysteria Free association: Description of hidden memories by patients,that seemed related to the causes and cure of hysterical symptoms © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Freud Discovers the Unconscious Early traumatic sexual experiences were responsible for hysterical symptoms expressed by adult patients Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Formed by Freud and his followers © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Topographic Model Personality is divided into different levels of awareness Conscious: Thoughts a person is currently aware of Preconscious: Retrievable information Unconscious: Thoughts that cannot be easily brought into awareness Except under extreme situations © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3 -6

Structural Model Divides personality into the id, the ego, and the superego Id: Personality structure at birth Actions are based on pleasure principle and wish fulfillment © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Structural Model Ego: Satisfies id impulses, but takes into consideration the realities of the world Actions are based on reality principle Superego: Represents society’s values and standards Provides ideals to determine if a behavior is virtuous Powerful superego leads to moral anxiety © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Figure Relationship of the Id, Ego, and Superego to the Three Levels of Awareness © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Libido and Thanatos Triebe - Strong internal forces that motivates human behavior Referred as drives or instincts Categories of instincts Libido - Life or sexual instinct Thanatos - Death or aggressive instinct © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Libido and Thanatos Most human behavior is attributed to the life instinct Includes action aimed at receiving pleasure Death instinct is turned outward and expressed as aggression against others Wish to die remains unconscious © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Defense Mechanisms Techniques of ego to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires and reduce or avoid anxiety Repression Active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness Requires constant expand of energy © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Defense Mechanisms Sublimation Channelling threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions Productive in nature Displacement Channelling impulses to nonthreatening objects Displaced impulses do not lead to social rewards © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Defense Mechanisms Denial Refusal to accept that certain facts exist Extreme form of defense Makes a person less realistic Reaction formation Acting in a manner opposite to threatening unconscious desires © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Defense Mechanisms Intellectualization Removal of emotional content from the thought Helps bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety Projection Attributing unconscious impulse to other people Frees a person from the perception that he/she is the one who holds a certain thought © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Psychosexual Stages of Development Sequence of development made up of stages characterized by primary erogenous zones and sexual desires Each stage has a specific influence on the adult personality Adult personalities of people are greatly influenced by the events of early childhood © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Psychosexual Stages of Development Fixation - Stagnation of psychic energy Results when a child is unable to move through a particular stage Oral stage First 18 months of life Primary erogenous zones - Mouth, lips, and tongue Feeding problems can result in fixation and development of an oral personality © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Psychosexual Stages of Development Anal stage Primary erogenous zone - Anal region Children are toilet trained Traumatic toilet training can result in fixation and development of an anal personality Phallic stage Ages 3 to 6 Primary erogenous zone - Penis or clitoris © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Psychosexual Stages of Development Oedipus complex - Children develop a sexual attraction for their opposite-sex parent Boys develop castration anxiety and girls develop penis envy Eventually the children repress their desire for their opposite-sex parent © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Psychosexual Stages of Development Latency stage Sexual desires abate Boys and girls are uninterested in each other Genital stage Initiated at puberty Primary erogenous zone - Adult genital regions © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Getting at Unconscious Material Strong id impulses do not disappear when they are pushed out of consciousness Expressed in a altered form Unconscious thoughts can be noticed by observing innocent behaviors © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Getting at Unconscious Material Techniques to get unconscious material Dreams Provide id impulses with a stage for expression Trained psychoanalysts can identify common dream symbols Projective tests: Assesses unconscious material by asking test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli Identifying objects, telling a story, or drawing a picture © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Getting at Unconscious Material Free association Used to temporarily bypass the censoring mechanism employed by ego Exposes strange, uncensored ideas Freudian slips: Misstatements or slips of the lounge May represent unconscious associations © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Getting at Unconscious Material Hypnosis Allows the hypnotist to bypass the ego and get directly to unconscious material Drawback - Not everyone is responsive Accidents Intentional actions stemming from unconscious impulses Resistance - Deliberate effort by the unconscious mind to cover threatening unconscious material © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Getting at Unconscious Material Symbolic behavior Daily behaviors can be interpreted as symbolic representations of unconscious desires Poses no threat to the ego © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Application: Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis: System of psychotherapy that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patient’s disorder Primary goal - Bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness for rational examination Unconscious material must be dealt in a manner to avoid manifestation of new disorders © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Application: Psychoanalysis Requires several hour-long therapy sessions Is expensive Maximum time is spent in getting at the crucial unconscious material causing the disorder Requires the therapist to actively interpret the significance of client’s statements, behaviors, and dreams Development of resistance by client implies the therapy is in progression © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Application: Psychoanalysis Development of transference Displacing of emotions associated with people from past situations onto the therapist Delicate and crucial part of the therapy process Countertransference is inadmissible Studies indicate psychoanalytic therapies are effective in treating several psychological disorders © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Assessment: Projective Tests Rorschach inkblot test Predicts behavior from responses to inkblots Designed by Hermann Rorschach Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Test takers are asked to tell a story about a series of ambiguous pictures Designed by Henry Murray © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Assessment: Projective Tests Human Figure Drawing test Measures intelligence and important personality constructs Used as an indicator of psychological problems in children © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Figure Human Figure Drawings by Emotionally Disturbed Children Source: From Koppitz, E. M. (1986). Psychological Evaluation of Children’s Human Figure Drawing. Reprinted by permission of Grune & Stratton, Inc., and the author. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Evaluation of Projective Tests Criticisms of Rorschach inkblot test Low indices of reliability and lack of evidence for the validity of the test No scientific basis for justifying the use of Rorschach scales in psychological assessment Reviewers find usefulness of the test when results from various studies are analyzed © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Evaluation of Projective Tests Newer systems for coding Rorschach responses are reliable than earlier methods Usage of projective tests extends beyond psychotherapy Evaluation of social and emotional adjustment Psychologists working with law enforcement and court officials Validity of projective tests remains open to challenge © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theory Strengths First comprehensive theory of human behavior and personality Freud’s observations set the direction for subsequent personality theory and research First system of psychotherapy Freud’s techniques have become standard tools for many therapists Promoted important psychological concepts © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use

Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theory Criticisms Writers argue that Freud’s ideas are not original Freudian ideas appear in literature that predates Freud’s work Hypotheses generated from the theory are not testable Disagreements with the points of emphasis and tone of Freud’s theory © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use