1. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis
Chapter 2.
Psychoanalytic
Therapies
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

2. A Sketch of Sigmund Freud
MD from University of Vienna in 1891.
Trained in neurology.
Founder of psychoanalysis.
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
A prolific pioneer in multiple areas.
A case of physician-assisted suicide?
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

3. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Theory of Personality
Topographic
Dynamic
Genetic
Economic
Structural
Adaptive
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

4. Theory of Psychopathology
A conflict model
Largely at unconscious level.
Motivating forces are Eros and Thanatos.
Conflicts lead to defense mechanisms.
Type of defense mechanisms are dependent on psychosexual stage.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

5. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Psychosexual Stages
Oral stage (birth - 18 months)
Anal stage (18 months - 3 years)
Phallic stage (3 - 6 years)
Latency stage (6 years and up)
Genital stage
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

6. Therapeutic Processes
Consciousness Raising
Confrontation and clarification
Interpretation
Working through
Other Change Processes
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

7. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Therapeutic Content
Intrapersonal Conflicts
Anxieties and defenses
Self-esteem
Responsibility
Interpersonal Conflicts
Intimacy and sexuality
Communication
Hostility
Control
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

8. Therapeutic Content (cont.)
Indivduo-Social Conflicts
Adjustment versus transcendence
Impulse control
Beyond Conflict to Fulfillment
Meaning of life
Ideal individual
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

9. Therapeutic Relationship
3 interrelated components
Working alliance
Transference
Countertransference
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

10. Practicalities of Psychoanalysis
99% of psychoanalysts and 88% of psychoanalytic therapists have undergone personal therapy.
Analysts see analysands between 3 to 4 times a week.
Average analysis lasts 4 to 6 years.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

11. A Major Alterative: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Anna Freud ( )
The Ego & the Mechanisms of Defense
Franz Alexander ( )
Corrective emotional experience
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

12. A Major Alternative: Relational/Intersubjective Model
Transference is an interactive process between patient and therapist.
Focus on desires, not drives.
Locus of change is between people, not inside patient’s mind.
More concerned and active therapist stance.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

13. Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic Therapies
Many clinical surveys, entailing retrospective, uncontrolled studies in naturalistic settings.
Psychoanalytic goals not particularly amenable to quantification.
No RCT’s on classical or relational psychoanalysis.
Several controlled outcome studies on long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Psychoanalysis has proven more effective than a credible placebo therapy.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

14. Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
From a cognitive-behavioral perspective
From an existential perspective
From a cultural perspective
From an integrative perspective
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

15. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Freud’s Legacy
Unconscious is alive and powerful.
Origins of many behavioral disorders are rooted in childhood.
Humans are in internal conflict and tend to produce compromise solutions.
Mental representations of ourselves, others, and relationships profoundly impact our daily functioning.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

16. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Future Directions
Is psychoanalysis dead?
Future is probably psychoanalytic therapy, not psychoanalysis.
Future is…
Interpersonal
Integration
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

17. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Key Terms
anal personality
anal stage
analysand
castration anxiety
compromise formation
corrective emotional experiencing
countertransference
defense mechanisms
denial
displacement
dynamic view
fixation
free association
genetic view
genital personality
genital stage
incorporation
insight
instincts
intellectualization
interpretation
intersubjective
latency stage
latent content
manifest content
meta-analysis
neuro-psychoanalysis
neurosis
oedipal conflict
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

18. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Key Terms (cont’d)
oral personality
oral stage
phallic personality
phallic stage
primal anxiety
primary-process thinking
projection
psychic determinism
psychoanalysis
psychoanalytic therapy
psychosexual stages
reaction formation
relational psychoanalysis
resistance
secondary-process
structural change
structural view
sublimation
transference
transference neurosis
unconscious
undoing
working alliance
working through
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

19. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Recommended Websites
American Psychoanalytic Association: &
APA Division of Psychoanalysis:
International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis:
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual:
Sigmund Freud and the Freud Archives:
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

20. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.