1. Freud!

2. Psychodynamic Assumptions 1. Behavior is shaped by childhood experiences. 2. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). 3. Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses and trying to COPE with them

3. Iceburg Model

4. The Mind Unconscious: Most important! Most of our behavior is determined by forces of which we are totally unaware. Unconscious thoughts enter consciousness only in disguised or symbolic form.

5. How do we see the unconscious? Freudian slips (parapraxes) Freudian slips (parapraxes) Dreams Dreams Projective Tests Projective Tests Transference Transference Defense mechanisms Defense mechanisms

6. The Mind Conscious: Thoughts you are aware of at any given moment Preconscious: Can easily be brought into conscious thought.

7. Freud’s techniques Hypnosis Free-association Projective tests Dream analysis **Goal  to tap into the unconscious mind

8. Describe the scene below…

9. Id, Ego and Superego

10. Id, Ego & Superego Id Id Pleasure Principle - Wants immediate gratification Pleasure Principle - Wants immediate gratification Source for all basic drives Source for all basic drives Motivation = tension reduction Motivation = tension reduction Ego Ego Reality Principle Reality Principle Postpones gratification until appropriate way is found Postpones gratification until appropriate way is found Superego Superego Your conscience Your conscience Represents moral demands of society and family Represents moral demands of society and family Societal laws,values, norms, prohibitions Societal laws,values, norms, prohibitions Strives for perfection, not pleasure Strives for perfection, not pleasure

11. Conflict Id wants gratification Id wants gratification Superego wants perfection Superego wants perfection Ego must satisfy both and deal with societal expectations for behavior Ego must satisfy both and deal with societal expectations for behavior Conflict of interests causes anxiety Conflict of interests causes anxiety

12. Id, Ego, Superego

13. Freud’s Psychoanalysis Therapy in which the patient explores the past (childhood-teen years- adulthood) in order to discover the true causes of the psychological pain, depression and troubles. Freud used a couch to relax the patient, and had the therapist sit behind the patient

14. 3 Steps in Psychoanalysis 1. Free Association: patient asked about past and the therapist encourages open thinking, brainstorming but does not provide any positive or negative answers to the patient’s concerns. “Tell me how you feel” “How did that affect you?”

15. 3 Steps in Psychoanalysis 2. Catharsis: patient finds out true reasons for their pain and psychological problems- the nerves are now exposed and emotions run rampant

16. 3 Steps in Psychoanalysis 3. Transference: patient projects true feelings onto the therapist who then provides help to overcome pain and problems

17. Defense Mechanisms Denial Denial Displacement Displacement Intellectualization Intellectualization Projection Projection Rationalization Rationalization Reaction Formation Reaction Formation Regression Regression Repression Repression Sublimation Sublimation

18. Freud thought that if one of these defense mechanisms was shown, then the patient must have had a problem earlier in life during one of the following stages…

19. Freud’s Developmental Stages Stage theory that everyone goes through Stage theory that everyone goes through First five years of life are the most important First five years of life are the most important Conflicts in the stages result in fixations Conflicts in the stages result in fixations Problems in adulthood can be traced back to strong fixations in stages Problems in adulthood can be traced back to strong fixations in stages

20. Oral Stage 0-1 year 0-1 year Mouth is source of pleasure and tension reduction Mouth is source of pleasure and tension reduction Conflict is weaning Conflict is weaning Oral personality: Oral personality: Dependent, passive, naïve, gullible Dependent, passive, naïve, gullible Nail biting, smoking, sarcasm,overeating Nail biting, smoking, sarcasm,overeating

21. Anal Stage 2-3 years 2-3 years Controlling bowels is the primary source of pleasure Controlling bowels is the primary source of pleasure Conflict: toilet training Conflict: toilet training Societal demands for the first time Societal demands for the first time Anal personality Anal personality Retentive: Stingy, stubborn, controlling, overly organized, holds in emotions, dependable Retentive: Stingy, stubborn, controlling, overly organized, holds in emotions, dependable Expulsive: messy, anger outbursts, often late, self-confident, independent in thought and action Expulsive: messy, anger outbursts, often late, self-confident, independent in thought and action

22. Phallic Stage 3-6 years 3-6 years Genitals are source of pleasure Genitals are source of pleasure Conflict is Oedipal and Electra Complexes Conflict is Oedipal and Electra Complexes Leads to identification with same sex parent Leads to identification with same sex parent Gender role development Gender role development Superego development Superego development Most difficult of Freud’s stages to accept Most difficult of Freud’s stages to accept

23. Latency & Genital Stages Latency Stage Latency Stage 7-12 years 7-12 years All is quiet All is quiet Concentrate on same-sex friendships & school Concentrate on same-sex friendships & school Genital Stage Genital Stage 12 + 12 + Genitals again source of pleasure Genitals again source of pleasure Focus on mature adult relationships Focus on mature adult relationships

24. Defense Mechanisms To cope with conflict and anxiety, the Ego must use defense mechanisms To cope with conflict and anxiety, the Ego must use defense mechanisms These unconsciously deal with the conflict and reduce anxiety These unconsciously deal with the conflict and reduce anxiety

25. Hysteria under hypnosis

26. Case of Anna O. 1895 21 years old 21 years old Suffered from hysteria no physical cause for problems Suffered from hysteria no physical cause for problems Nursing her ailing father Nursing her ailing father Develops bad cough, speech difficulties, then became mute, and then began speaking only in English instead of her usual German Develops bad cough, speech difficulties, then became mute, and then began speaking only in English instead of her usual German When father died When father died Some paralysis, involuntary spasms, visual hallucinations, mood swings Some paralysis, involuntary spasms, visual hallucinations, mood swings “talking cure” symptoms disappear once the unconscious root of the problem is discussed “talking cure” symptoms disappear once the unconscious root of the problem is discussed

27. The Good and the Bad Explores role of unconscious mind Explores role of unconscious mind Highlights importance of early childhood Highlights importance of early childhood Vague & difficult to test Too much emphasis on unconscious Too much emphasis on sexual drives Complete development by age 12