R o c k s & M i n e r a l s I-Surface I-Surface Materials ABedrock A-Bedrock && && Soil Soil: 1-Crust 1-Crust outer layer of earth consist of bedrock, rock fragments, and soil.

a-Bedrock- solid rock. When exposed to the surface it’s called an outcrop outcrop. (range from boulders to grains of sand) b-Soil- b-Soil- mixture of small rocks, organic matter, air and water. outcrop Bedrock Rock Fragments Soil Rock fragments Bedrock

B-Minerals 1- 1-Rocks are composed of minerals minerals, which are naturally occurring solid substances made of inorganic (nonliving) (nonliving) material. Minerals have certain physical and chemical properties by which they can be identified.

1. 1. Physical Physical properties properties of minerals include streak color, hardness, luster, cleavage, and color. LusterLuster refers to how a mineral looks when it reflects light. {metallic, glassy, greasy, or earthy.} StreakStreak color color is the color of the powdered form of the mineral.

HardnessHardness resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Between I and 10, with I being softest and 10 the hardest.

HardnessMineralTest 1Talc Finger Nail 2Gypsum Will Scratch 3Calcite copper penny will scratch 4Fluorite Glass will 5ApatiteScratch 6K-felsparSteel 7Quartzknife 8TopazWill 9CorundumScratch 10Diamond Will Scratch all Mohls Hardness Scale

Cleavage Cleavage is a mineral's tendency to break along smooth, flat surfaces. {Often causes a mineral to break into characteristic shapes}. ColorColor is not always a reliable guide to a mineral's identity.

2. 2. Minerals have chemical properties properties, how they react with an acid. {For {For example, calcite, the chief mineral in limestone and marble, fizzes when hydrochloric acid is placed on it} it.}

Rocks C-Rocks natural, stony materials composed of one or more minerals. Like minerals, rocks are identified by their physical and chemical properties.

Three groups of rocks: Three groups of rocks: 1- Igneous 1- Igneous rocks are produced by the cooling and hardening liquid rock. a-Melted rock ~ Magma ~ Lava ~ Magma underground ~ Lava on surface

b-Types b-Types of Igneous rocks Igneous rocks that form from rapid cooling of lava, called volcanic rocks, contain tiny crystals. -Basalt -Basalt dark-colored volcanic rock composed of small crystals. The closer the magma is to the surface, the smaller the grain (crystal) size. Obsidian Obsidian, a glassy, no individual grains.

~ ~Igneous rocks that cools slow form large crystals. ~Granite ~Granite is a light-colored igneous rock that contains large, easily visible mineral grains.

2- Sedimentary rocks rocks form from particles called sediments that pile up in layers. These sediments may be small rock fragments or seashells. Sedimentary rocks usually form underwater. Sedimentary rock Ocean Stream carrying sediment

Rock Name Type of Sediment Place of Formation SandstoneSand grainsShallow waters near a shore pounded by waves ShaleClay particlesDeep, calm ocean waters; lake bottoms LimestoneTiny seashellsWarm, shallow seas Common Sedimentary Rocks

3- Metamorphic rocks 3- Metamorphic rocks are produced when either igneous or sedimentary rocks undergo a change in form caused by heat, pressure, or both.

Igneous Rock Metamorphic Rock Sediments Sedimentary Rock Erosion Deposition Solidification Melting Burial and Cementing Metamorphism Heat and/or Pressure

II Earth History A- Interpreting Rocks= rocks contain information about that area's past Sedimentary rocks indicates the area was once covered by water. 2-Fossils 2-Fossils in sedimentary rocks tell of past life and the environmental conditions

3- 3- Horizontally layered sedimentary rocks are easy to interpret. The bottom layers are the oldest, youngest layers are at the top OLDEST YOUNGEST

INVASION OF IGNEOUS ROCK FAULT INASION OF IGNEOUS ROCK PRESENT DAY FOLDED ROCK

B-Fossils B-Fossils remains or traces of organisms that lived long ago Fossils form when a dead plant, animal, or footprint in mud, is covered by sediment that later hardens into rock. a- a-Almost all fossils are found in sedimentary rock

Trilobite Brachiopod Cephalopod Footprint

C-Dating C-Dating Rocks Rocks To determine the age of rocks, scientists use a technique called 1~Radioactive 1~Radioactive dating dating. a. a. Rocks contain small amounts of radioactive substances that change (decay) into non-radioactive substances at a definite rate. b. Using this technique, scientists have been able to assign dates to the Earth. c. Earth itself is about 4.5 billion years old.

2-Relative 2-Relative Dating: Dating: Section of sedimentary rock oldest sediment is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top. a a. It only tells us that one fossil is older than another. Trilobite is an index fossil tells about the age of the rock layer.