1. Rocks & Minerals
©Mark Place,

2. ESRT Mineral Chart Click Here
Key Concept #1
What is a mineral?
naturally occurring
inorganic
It is a
definite chemical composition
substance which has a
What would be the opposite of this?
man-made
organic
random composition
ESRT Mineral Chart Click Here

3. Minerals are made of elements.
On to the next Concept

4. What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
Key Concept #2
What causes minerals to have
different physical properties?
their internal arrangement of atoms

5. graphite & diamond Key Concept #2
Give an example of two minerals which have
the same chemical composition but different
physical properties
Click Here
graphite & diamond

6. On to the next Concept

7. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Key Concept #3
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Color
a poor indicator
minerals can be multiple colors
many minerals are the same color

8. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Key Concept #3
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Streak
the powder form of a mineral
more reliable than color

9. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Key Concept #3
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Luster
how light reflects off a mineral
metallic
non-metallic
looks like a
metal
looks earthy, waxy,
silky or glassy

10. Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Cleavage
the mineral breaks in a predictable pattern
because of its arrangement of atoms

11. Examples of Cleavage

12. Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Fracture
the mineral breaks randomly

13. Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Hardness
resistance to being scratched
It is NOT the same as breaking!
For example:
You can break glass easily with steel.
However, steel will not scratch glass.

14. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Key Concept #3
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Hardness
MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS
Hardness
Mineral
1 (softest) 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5
10 (hardest)
TALC
ORTHOCLASE
GYPSUM
QUARTZ
CALCITE
TOPAZ
FLUORITE
CORUNDUM
APATITE
DIAMOND

15. silicon oxygen Key Concept #4
Minerals have a definite chemical composition.
What two elements, by mass, make up the greatest
percentage of the Earth’s crust?
silicon
oxygen

16. silicates (SiO4) Key Concept #4
Minerals have a definite chemical composition.
These two elements combine to form compounds called
silicates (SiO4)

17. silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
Key Concept #4
Minerals have a definite chemical composition.
They combine in a specific structure called a:
silicon-oxygen tetrahedra

18. Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
Key Concept #4
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
are the basic building blocks for silicate minerals

19. Rocks & Minerals
©Mark Place,

20. Rocks

21. Poly-mineralic Mono-mineralic made of made of two or more one mineral
minerals
made of
one mineral

22. Most Rocks Are
Poly-mineralic

23. Three Classifications
of Rocks are:
igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic

24. Most sedimentary rocks are made of pieces
Key Concept #1
Most sedimentary rocks are made of pieces
( clasts )
of other rocks.
Image #2
Image #1

25. Name two processes that form sedimentary rocks
Key Concept #2
Name two processes that
form sedimentary rocks
Cementation
Compaction
clasts held
together by
minerals
(cement)
the weight of
overlying sediments
forces particles
together

26. In what type of environment are most sedimentary rocks formed?
Key Concept #3
In what type of environment are most
sedimentary rocks formed?
watery

27. Key Identifying Features of
Key Concept #4
Key Identifying Features of
Sedimentary Rocks
Strata
Clear Layering of Sediments
Image #3
Image #1
Image #2

28. Key Identifying Features of
Key Concept #4
Key Identifying Features of
Sedimentary Rocks
Clasts
pieces of other rocks
Image #2
Image #1

29. Key Identifying Features of the remains of once-living organisms
Key Concept #4
Key Identifying Features of
Sedimentary Rocks
Fossils
the remains of once-living organisms
Image #3
Image #1
Image #4
Image #2

30. Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

31. Answers on the Next Page

32. The Answers: 1. Limestone. 2. Breccia. 3. Limestone 4. Coal 5
The Answers: 1. Limestone 2. Breccia 3. Limestone 4. Coal 5. Rock Gypsum

33. Igneous Rocks
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34. How are igneous rocks formed?
Key Concept #1
How are igneous rocks formed?
Please go to the
"Rock Cycle" on
Page 6 of the
ESRTS
the melting and
solidification of
magma

35. Name two places where igneous rocks form
Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #2
Name two places where igneous rocks form

36. Volcanoes
Rifts/Ridges

37. What determines crystal size?
Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #3
What determines crystal size?

38. cooling time

39. crystal size
cooling time

40. Large Crystals Indicate
long cooling time
Small Crystals Indicate
short cooling time

41. What’s the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?
Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #4
What’s the difference between
extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

42. form on or near the surface (small crystals) form below the surface
Intrusive
Extrusive
form on or near the
surface
(small crystals)
form below the
surface
(large crystals)

43. Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #5
Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks

44. Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
Key Concept #5
Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
texture
glassy }
extrusive
fine

45. Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
Key Concept #5
Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
texture
coarse }
intrusive
very coarse

46. Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
Key Concept #5
Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
color
dark
light

47. low high Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5
density
low
high

48. Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
Key Concept #5
Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks
composition
mafic
contains Fe and Mg
felsic
contains Al

49. Key Identifying Features of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #6
Key Identifying Features of Igneous Rocks

50. the grains have been melted and are now physically connected
Glassy Texture
usually black in color
Interlocked Grains
the grains have been melted
and are now physically connected

51. Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

52. Answers on the Next Page

53. The Answers : 1. Basaltic Glass 2. Granite 3. Basalt

54. Metamorphic Rocks
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55. How are metamorphic rocks formed? Metamorphic Rocks Key Concept #1
Please go to the
"Rock Cycle" on
Page 6 of the
ESRTS
extreme heat
and/or
pressure

56. NOT MELTING DOES OCCUR! Metamorphic Rocks Key Concept #2
If melting occurs,
it is classified as an
Igneous Rock

57. What is the difference between Regional and Contact Metamorphism?
Metamorphic Rocks: Key Concept #3
What is the difference between
Regional and Contact Metamorphism?

58. Regional Metamorphism
Large geographic area
Example:
where mountains form

59. small geographic area Example: when rocks come in contact with magma
Contact Metamorphism
small geographic area
Example:
when rocks come in
contact with magma

60. Key Identifying Features of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks: Key Concept #4
Key Identifying Features of Metamorphic Rocks

61. usually black and white
Foliation
Image #1
Image #2
banding of minerals
usually black and white
Image #3

62. Distorted Structure
folded layers
Image #3
Image #1
Image #2

63. Key Identifier Minerals
Dark
Red
Color
Garnet
Shiny,
flaky
Mica

64. Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

65. Answers on the Next Page

66. The Answers: 1. Gneiss 2. Quartzite 3. Sandstone Shale Limestone