1. Earth and Space Science
Minerals and Rocks

2. mineral
1. A solid natural material, made rom nonliving substances underground is a _______________________.

3. elements, element, aluminum, oxygen, iron
2. Minerals are made up of one or more __________________. An __________________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Gold is an element, as are _________________, _____________, hydrogen, and __________________.

4. streak
3. The color of a mineral is the color of the surface of the mineral. _____________is the color of the powder left when the mineral is rubbed on a rough surface. The color of a mineral and its streak are often different.

5. Luster, reflects, nonmetallic
4. _____________________ is the way a mineral _____________ light from its surface. There are two general kinds of luster: metallic and ________________________.

6. Hardness, Moh’s Hardness
5. _____________________ is a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching. Scientists use ___________ ________________ Scale. On this scale, minerals are ranked from 1, which is softest, to 10 which is the hardest.

7. patterns, crystals
6. As minerals form, the elements they are composed of form ________________. These patterns cause minerals to form geometric shapes called ________.

8. gems, gem
7. Some minerals, such as emeralds, are also called ___________. A _______________ is a mineral that is rare, beautiful, usually transparent, and shines in light.

9. sedimentary
8. Pressure can cement layers of weathered and eroded sediment into ____________ rock.

10. heat, pressure, igneous rock
9. As sedimentary rocks are pushed underneath Earth’s crust, ________________ and ____________ can melt them into magma. Magma may erupt from a volcano as lava. __________________ _______________ forms as the lava cools and hardens.

11. metamorphic
10. As time passes, sedimentary and igneous rocks can be buried deep beneath Earth’s surface. Intense pressure and hot temperatures can change rocks into _________________ rock.

12. rock cycle
11. The change of rocks over time from one type to another is called the __________ ____________________.

13. intrusive, large, Granite
12. Igneous rocks that form magma inside Earth are called ______________________. These rocks cool slowly and produce ______________ crystals. _______________ is a common intrusive rock.

14. extrusive rock, very rapidly, obsidian, rhyolite, pumice
13. An igneous rocks that forms from lava on Earth’s surface is called an _____________________ ___________. On Earth’s surface, lava is exposed to air and water, causing it to cool and harden _______________ ______________. Examples of extrusive rock include: ________________, _______________, and __________________.

15. Sedimentary, cemented, fossils
14. ___________________ rocks are made of different materials that have been compacted and ________________ together. Almost all _________________ are found in sedimentary rocks.

16. Limestone, sandstone
15. Sedimentary rocks are often used in buildings. __________________ and ______________ are two types of sedimentary rocks.

17. heat, pressure, marble
16. If sedimentary and igneous rocks are put under ___________ and ________________, the shape or the size of the crystals within them can change. The crystals can also change position and form layers. Slate and __________________ are examples of metamorphic rock.

18. Rock Type Characteristics Example
Forms as melted rock cools and hardens into a solid
Forms when rocks are exposed to increase in heat and pressure
Forms when pieces of rocks and minerals are cemented together in layers over time.
igneous
granite
metamorphic
marble
sedimentary
Sandstone