1. Chapter 1: Rocks and Minerals Study Guide Mineral Nonliving solid material that has a definite chemical makeup Found in the Earth’s outermost layer- the crust You use minerals every day! Windows, wires, sunscreen, toothpaste, and lots more Properties of a mineral Luster: the way a mineral shines, or reflects light. Metallic (looks like metal) nonmetallic (does not look like metal) shiny and dull Streak: color of a mineral when it is ground into a powder. This is done by scrapping it across a ceramic tile. Hardness: How easily a mineral is scratched. This can be done using a fingernail, penny, or nail. You could also check the hardness on the Mohs Hardness Scale. Cleavage: When a mineral breaks on a flat surface. Color: The color of a rock when you look at it. Mohs Hardness Scale Is a list showing how hard minerals are Listed in order from softest to hardest Listed using numbers 1-10

2. I am a GEOLOGIST I am a scientist who studies rocks Rocks Rocks are solid material made up of one or more minerals Three Types of Rocks Igneous Rocks Form when melted rock cools and hardens Minerals in the rocks form crystals Some igneous rocks formed by volcanoes Obsidian, basalt, and granite are types of igneous rocks Sedimentary Rocks Form when sand, bits of rocks, soil, and once living things are pressed together and harden. These materials are called sediments Sandstone and Limestone are types of sedimentary rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rocks changed by heat and pressure from below the Earth’s surface. Gniess is formed from granite (an igneous rock) that has undergone heat and pressure. The Rock Cycle Shows the process that can change rocks A rock can change from one type of rock to another Weathering The breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces called sediment

3. Layers of the Earth Crust: thinnest layer, made of the ocean floor and the continents Mantle: thickest layer, between crust and the core, upper part is soft, lower part is hard Outer Core: liquid Inner Core: hard, dense ball that is the hottest part of the Earth