 What did plants evolve from?  What sets plants apart from other kingdoms?  What is the evolutionary sequence of the occurrence of seeds, vascular system, flowers, and the dominant stages in alternation of generations?  Be able to label the parts of the seed and flower.  What is double fertilization and which plants undergo double fertilization?

Remember: These traits helped plants adapt to life out of the water

 Sporopollenin is a tough polymer that keeps the plant from drying out.

SPORESSEEDS  Usually haploid  Smaller than a seed  Usually single celled  Have a supply of stored food  Contains a zygote (fused sex cells) so is diploid  Multicellular layers of tissue

 A specialized structure on the plant that produces gametes Female gametangia: archegonia Male gametangia: antheridia * The gametes will fuse to form an embryo (Key to the term embryophytes which defines plants)

 Area in roots and shoots where cells divide to elongate the roots and shoots. *Algae do not have true roots, leaves or shoots

Gametes Male gamete Female gamete  Gametangia Archegonia Antheridia  Gametophyte  Spores Microspore Megaspore  Sporocytes  Sporangia (sporangium) Megasporangium Microsporangium  Sporophyte

 Gametes – a haploid reproductive cell Male gamete - pollen or sperm Female gamete - egg  Gametophyte – gamete producing plant  Gametangia – multicellular organs that produce gametes Archegonia – female gametanga Antheridia – Male gametanga  Spores – haploid cell that will give rise to a new organism Microspore – a spore that develops into a male gametophyte Megaspore – a spore that develops into a female gametophyte  Sporophyte - spore producing plant  Sporangia – multicellular organs that produce the spores Megasporangium – female sporangia Microsporangium – male sporangia  Sporocytes – Cells that undergo meiosis to make spores

 Gametophore

 Gametophore – gamete bearer

 Sporophylls – modified leaves that bear sporangia(spore producing organ) This includes sori in ferns, cones in gymnosperms and flowers in angiosperms

 Sporophylls

Alternation of Generations Is found in Gametophytes Sporophytes Contain multicellular stages Give rise to Which is (2n or n?) In moss the dominant stage is In ferns the dominant stage is In gymnosperms the dominant stage is In angiosperms the dominant stage is

SporophyteGametophyte Moss Fern Gymnosperm Angiosperm

SporophyteGametophyte MossThe small structure that contains the sporangium Gametophore (gamete bearer) – the main part of the moss FernThe main plant considered the fern Small structure that looks like a lilly pad GymnospermThe treeThe grown megaspore which is made up of two or three cells, and the developed microspore (pollen) that has developed into two cells AngiospermThe flowerThe female gametophyte is everything within the megasporangium, the male gametophyte is the two cells within the pollen grain

Traits  Multicellular embryo (all plants, not algae)  Non – vascular This requires them to be small Vascular plants have cells that are joined to produce tubes that transport water and nutrients  Live in damp/moist conditions so sperm can be transferred to the egg Examples: Liverworts, hornworts and mosses

Gametophyte life cycle is dominant

Traits  Vascular tissue (allows them to grow taller) Xylem: transport water and minerals Phloem: transports sugar and amino acids (sap)  Use water to transport sperm to egg  Has true roots and leaves Ex. Lycophytes and Pterophytes

Sporophyte life cycle is dominant

ANGIOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS  A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.  A vascular plant that bears naked seeds – seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers

 Fig 30.6

 Fig  Dissect the flower  Label the parts

 In your notes, list the main characteristics of each (pg 631) and then take a corn seed and a green bean seed. You must determine which is a monocot and which is a eudocot