Psychological Disorders “Manic Monday” by The Bangles Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 (Think) On your power point notes, indicate what you think mental illness is.  (Pair/Share) Share with your neighbor your thoughts about what mental illness is.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007  A woman's mother died. After the funeral everyone went to the mother's house where everyone ate and remembered the mother. At the reception the woman noticed a man and fell head-over-heels in love with him. People kept occupying her time, talking to her about her mother. When she finally got free, she searched all over but the man had left. The woman was so upset as she hadn't even gotten his name, she was so taken with him. Two weeks later, she killed her sister. Why did she kill her sister?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ans: She killed her sister because she thought that since the man knew her mother and was at her funeral, maybe he knew her sister and would come to her funeral also. Then she could meet him.

A form of “hypochondriasis” can occur when learning about abnormal psychology. You may find that some of the symptoms we discuss in this chapter sound like something you have experienced. This is normal; happens with medical students, too! Note, though, that all psychological disorders involve exaggerations of normal tendencies. If you can answer, “no” to the question, “Is this out of the norm for me?”, then you probably do not have a disorder! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The medical model takes a “disease” view, while psychology sees psychological disorder as an interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and behavioral factors

 Psychopathology – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals ◦ Synonymous terms include:  Mental illness  Mental disorder  Psychological disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder Hallucinations Delusions Severe affective disturbances Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Johnny has been hearing voices that are not his own and not coming from other people. These voices are mean and tell him that people are out to get him. Johnny is experiencing what?  Sally has been telling people that she is the President of the United States when she clearly is not. She fully believes that she is and even goes to the White House and insists to the Secret Service that she be let in. Sally is experiencing what?

 Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment; typically, two or more of these indicators are cause for concern. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Distress Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior

Prolonged anxiety Overwhelmed to the point of losing concentration. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Others are afraid of the person due to how the person acts or behaves. The person’s behavior interferes with their own well-being (e.g. drinking so heavily that the person loses their job or is in danger of harming others on the road.) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Irrational speech (e.g. talking to someone who clearly is not there). Talking in ways that are incomprehensible (e.g. word salad). Behavior or emotional responses that are inappropriate to the situation (e.g. laughing at the scene of a tragedy). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Erratic and inconsistent behavior from one event to the next (e.g., laughing and happy one day and then irritable and abusive the next – note, this is something that is continuous and not just due to “a bad day.”) Individual acts as though they are experiencing a loss of control. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The person behaves in ways that are statistically rare and violate social norms (the overall rules of society). Being merely “unusual” is not a sign of abnormality (e.g., green mohawk); however, if the individual is running around town wearing a green mohawk and nothing else, then that is abnormal. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning  Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, they do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The most widely used system, found in the DSM- IV, classifies disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms

 DSM-IV: (newest is DSM – IV R and DSM V is in the works). Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States – recently revised.  In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Axis I – Clinical Disorders (can be changed through medication or symptoms can be treated)  Axis II – Personality disorders and Mental Retardation (cannot be changed)  Axis III – General Medical Conditions  Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems  Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale of how the person is functioning at the time they are first seen – used as a comparative throughout treatment). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise

 Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania ◦ Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight  Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause  Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience  Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation  Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints  Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Glove Anesthesia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder

 A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder

 Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder

 Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder

 Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder

 Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes  Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Positive Negative

 Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type

 Involves stupor or extreme excitement Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type

 Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type

 Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type

 Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type

 Any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia

 Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia

 Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry  Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self- importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Mild depression Physical complaints Marital problems Academic problems Parent-child problems BereavementMalingering Job problems

 Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind  Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

 Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007