Broken Windows

Kelling & Wilson 1982 Broken Windows People are made up of “regulars” and “strangers” What kind of policing and surveillance does this justify?

Who are “strangers”

Kelling & Wilson 1982 Broken Windows Comparison between Bronx & Palo Alto? Stanford University ‘While the city contains homes that now cost anywhere from $800,000 to well in excess of $40 million, much of Palo Alto's housing stock is in the style of California mid-century middle-class suburbia…’

Broken Windows Sampson & Raudenbush Empirical Literature Cultural stereotypes Implicit bias & social meaning of “disorder”

“Should police activity on the street be shaped […] by the standards of the neighborhood rather than the rules of the state?” Kelling & Wilson (1984) Assumption about the regulation of public space in the question?

Cost of Zero Tolerance…

Military Urbanism, Reconnaissance Wars & The Right to the City

Bauman Marxist roots but... –From economy of producers to consumers WWII Holocaust –Banality of evil Hannah Arendt –Bureaucracy –Procedural rationality –Myth of security

Liquid Fears Illusion of security in territoriality Vague strangers Even procedural rationality will not be enough to regulate all social groups... “There is no local solutions to global problems – although it is precisely the local solutions that are avidly sought, though in vain...” (Bauman, 2002: 84)

Right to the City David Harvey drawing from Henri Lefebvre Marxist Jane Jacobs Cities are full of conflict –Material conditions shape social conditions...

Urbanism: Surplus Production “The city is the historical site of creative destructivism” (Harvey, 2003:939)

Public Space as a Resource “Quality of urban life has become a commodity...” (Harvey, 2008:p.8) Byward Market

Ontological Security Appearance of security... Aesthetics of surplus value (ideology) Hotel room… Politics of exclusion

New Military Urbanism Justifies the militarization of the everyday –People background noise.. Industry of reconnaissance Can you think of an example of millitary aesthetics in Ottawa?

Propaganda

“...the enemy is a concept or a set of practices rather than a holistic nation state.” (Iveson, 2010:118)

Brighenti Social Theory Lens Cultural geography What is precisely public in public space?

Defining graffiti.... Problematic… Interstitial practice When interrogated from each perspective: “yes, but....” Common denominator: materiality

Because... 1.Global context & “street” 2.Legislation vs. creativity 3.Tools & techniques of the body 4.Simplistic/complex lifestyle 5.Architecture as affordances (not things)

Walls as Artefacts: Strategy Why does a municipality care about walls? Why does a municipality care about walls?

Strategy Governmentality (Foucault) Procedural power Historical emergence of knowleges about such powers/populations Application of tools –Administrative state

Walls as Visable Territorial Devices Graffiti as Tactical Strategy... Citizens are ‘imagined’ in walls (Official Graffiti, Hermer & Hunt) Graffiti challenges these narratives with “at hand” tools (bricolage)

Public scene as composition The “street”: the birth and target of graffiti Allison Young: Confusion about public space (e.g.‘education’)

Graffiti poses two questions: Public 1.What is a writer? 2.What is public space? –Restrictive/Utilitarian –Permissive/Antiquity

Walls... “...are governmental tools that set limits and impasses, and complimentary allowed paths and trajectories...” Writers see walls as invitations to continue the conversation about public space...

Who Benefits from War? What of these relationships to policy creation?