Eurostat Macro integration
Presented by Piet Verbiest Statistics Netherlands
Macro integration Reconciliation of inconsistent statistical data on a high level of aggregation Balancing is reconciling inconsistent statistical information from independent sources brought together in an ‘accounting’ framework consisting of well-defined variables, accounting identities on combinations of variables and other less strict relations between the sets of variables.
Macro integration National accounts an example
National accounts Comprehensive overview of all economic transactions in a country Quarterly and annual report of a country Key indicators Gross domestic product (GDP): economic growth; Gross national income Consumption of households, investment, foreign trade Government debt Employment
7 Labour accounts National accounts in the Netherlands Supply and use tables Sector accounts
Supply and use tables Variables and basic identities identities (1) P + M = IC + C + I + E (2) Y = P - IC (3) Y = C + I + E - M (4) Y = W + OS/MI 8
What we want: 9
What we get: 10
Macro integration / balancing
Macro integration / balancing
Macro integration / balancing
14 SUPPLYUSE Output of industries Import Total Input of industries Cons Export Invest. Total Commodities Y Total PM IC+YCEI Value added = PIC+Y = GDP
15 SUPPLY USE Output of industries ImportTotal Input of industries Cons. Export Invest. total Commodities Y TotalPMIC+YECI P - IC = Y = GDP P–IC = Y =C+I+E-M PMICCIE++++=
16 Commodities: 500 Industries: 150 Final expenditure: 20 Simultaneous: cup and cop
17
Eurostat Macro integration
Presented by Jacco Daalmans
Mathematical models 2+9=10 5=7 15/2=7 22=17 1=0 3+7=10 6=6 22=17+5 Mathematical Models =25
Mathematical models Can be automated Reproducible results Flexible Large scale applications
BUT: Small discrepancies, without known cause
Example 1: Whisky Imports = Consumption Given: Imports = 5, Consumption=0 Model outcome could be: Imports= 2.5 Consumption = 2.5 NOT DESIRABLE!
Example 2: Remaining discrepancies Production (P) = 930 Imports (M) = 275 Interm. Cons. (IC)= 450 Cons. Invest. Export (CIE)= 740 P+ M = IC + CIE 1205 ≠ 1190 P – IC = CIE – M 480 ≠ 465
Example 2: Remaining discrepancies Production (P) = Imports (M) = Interm. Cons. (IC)= Cons. Invest. Export (CIE)= P+ M = IC + CIE 1205 ≠ =1200 P – IC = CIE – M 480 ≠ =473
Different models
STONE’s Method Broad applicability Achieves consistency by solving a minimum adjustment problem
STONE’s Method Searches for a result with minimum deviation from the input. Mathematical: Translation to a least squares optimization problem Consistency rules translate to constraints of the model.
STONE’s Method Linear constraints, like: Total is the sum of components: Manufacturing = Food + Textiles + Clothing; Commodity balances; Total use = Total supply; Definitions: Value added = Output – Intermediate consumption
Extensions Inequality constraints: Total Use ≥ 0 Soft constraints: Stocks of perishables goods ≈ 0 Ratio constraints: Value added Tax / Supply = 0.21 Refineries: use of crude oil / output ≈ 0.7
A man with a watch knows what time it is A man with two watches is never sure (Segal’s Law)
Reliability weights Important instrument to steer the results.
Example 2: Remaining discrepancies Production (P) = Imports (M) = Interm. Cons. (IC)= Cons. Invest. Export (CIE)= P+ M = IC + CIE 1200=1200 P – IC = CIE – M 473=473
Example 2: Remaining discrepancies Production (P) = Imports (M) = Interm. Cons. (IC)= Cons. Invest. Export (CIE)= P+ M = IC + CIE 1200= =1200 P – IC = CIE – M 473= = 480 green = p and IC more reliable
Conclusions Mathematical methods powerful instrument Elaborate modelling constructions possible But should be used properly!