A.Develops out of the ideas of the Scientific Revolution - an expansion of the worldliness and secularism of the Renaissance What is (the) Enlightenment? B. Immanuel Kant – Sapere aude! [Dare to know!] "Have courage to use your own reason!"- that is the motto of enlightenment.

Central Concepts of the Enlightenment A. The methods of natural science should be used to understand all aspects of life - through the use of REASON B. Discover the natural laws of human society as well as the natural world (“social science”) C. The idea of progress - The confidence in human power, human reason to improve society

Central concepts of the Enlightenment [cont] Central concepts of the Enlightenment [cont] D. Rejection of superstition and tradition E. Tolerance and equality

Centers of the Enlightenment

Enlightenment Thinkers 1.Locke 2.Hobbes 3.Montesquieu 4.Rousseau 5.Voltaire 6.Smith 7.Wollstonecraft 8.Diderot

Locke State of Nature – “perfect freedom to order their actions” “being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” “nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy”

Locke on the State of Nature “A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank.” “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”

Locke “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom.”

John Locke Natural rights- life, liberty (freedom), and property. State of nature is peaceful Believed in equality Man understands “right” and “wrong” The role of the state is to insure justice

Hobbes “if two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies” “men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are iin that condition which is called war. And such a war, as is of every man against every man.”

Hobbes “Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry... no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” ― Thomas Hobbes “For such is the nature of man, that howsoever they may acknowledge many others to be more witty, or more eloquent, or more learned; Yet they will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves: For they see their own wit at hand, and other mens at a distance.” ― Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes Man is not by nature a social animal, society could not exist except by the power of the state. Man is prone to war and conflict. Man needs government Men cannot know good and evil, and in consequence can only live in peace together by subjection to the absolute power of a common master, and therefore there can be no peace between kings Compare Locke and Hobbes view of Human Nature

Montesquieu "In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing.” "Luxury is therefore absolutely necessary in monarchies; as it is also in despotic states, In the former, it is the use of liberty, in the latter, it is the abuse of servitude…” "Hence arrives a very natural reflection. Republics end with luxury; monarchies with poverty. “In order to have liberty, it is necessary that the powers of the government be separated.” "In a true state of nature, indeed, all men are born equal, but they cannot continue in this equality. Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws."

Charles Montesquieu - separation and balance of powers; admired the British model of government

Rousseau “Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” “ We are born weak, we need strength; helpless, we need aid; foolish, we need reason. All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man's estate, is the gift of education”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (later Enlightenment) 1. Society is artificial and corrupt - state of nature is better - education 2. Valued impulse and emotion more than reason 3. Believed in contract government and individual freedom 4. “General Will” - republic as ideal government

“I have never made but one prayer to God, a very short one: ‘Oh Lord, make my enemies ridiculous.’ And God granted it.” “God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.” “It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.” “I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet 1. freedom of thought and religion ~ toleration 2. ridiculed the church for their bigotry, intolerance, and superstition 3. Admired Louis XIV and Frederick the Great - thought people unable to govern themselves

Adam Smith “Labour was the first price, the original purchase - money that was paid for all things. It was not by gold or by silver, but by labour, that all wealth of the world was originally purchased.” “There should be no government regulations on trade.”

Adam Smith Laissez faire – “Hands Off” economics Advocated for capitalism. Smith’s belief that competition, the market's invisible hand, would lead to proper pricing- He therefore strongly opposed any government intervention into business affairs.

Mary Wollstonecraft equal rights for women, was an inspiration for both the nineteenth-century and twentieth-century women's movements. Wollstonecraft was not merely a woman's rights advocate. She asserted the innate rights of all people, whom she thought victims of a society that assigned people their roles, comforts, and satisfactions according to the false distinctions of class/gender. “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience.”

Denis Diderot - The Encyclopedia - a compilation of all knowledge!

“[Our aim] is to collect all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth, … and to transmit this to those who will come after us.... It could only belong to a philosophical age to attempt an encyclopedia; … All things must be examined, debated, and investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings…. We have for quite some time needed a reasoning age.” “People must be enlightened and not constrained.” “War is the fruit of man’s depravity; it is a convulsive and violent sickness of the body politic … If reason governed men and had the influence over the heads of nations that it deserves, we would never see them inconsiderately surrender themselves to the fury of war; they would not show that ferocity that characterizes wild beasts.”

“No man has received from nature the right to command others.... The government, although hereditary in a family…, is not private property, but public property that consequently can never be taken from the people, to whom it belongs exclusively…. It is not the state that belongs to the prince, it is the prince who belongs to the state.” “It is of the greatest importance to conserve this practice [the free press] in all states founded on liberty.” “The buying of Negroes, to reduce them to slavery, is one business that violates religion, morality, natural laws, and all the rights of human nature.”

ShoesButton-making

Diderot Disagreed with Slavery. Advocate for equality. “no man had received the right from nature to command others.” Education to improve the state of nature. ** Encyclopedia. Freedom of Press “A Prince belongs to his country.”

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedia

Reading During the Enlightenment ► - 80 % for men, 60 % women ► Literacy: - 80 % for men, 60 % women ► Books were expensive (one day’s wages) ► Many readers for each book - novels, plays & other literature - journals, memoirs, “private lives” - philosophy, history, theology - newspapers, political pamphlets - often censored by governments

“Must Read” Books of the Time

THINKERIDEAQUOTATIONIMPACT Locke Natural rights – life, liberty, property “All mankind…being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” Ideas included in US Declaration of Independence Montesquieu Separation of powers “In order to have liberty, it is necessary that the powers of the government be separated.” US adopts federal system of government with checks & balances in which powers are divided among three branches Rousseau Direct democracy “Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” Public election of president & Congress in US Voltaire Freedom of speech, religious toleration “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” US Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech and religion Smith Laissez-faire capitalism “There should be no government regulations on trade.” Nations such as US and Great Britain adopt a capitalist economy Diderot Denounced slavery, advocated education for all and freedom of expression “[Man] can neither exchange himself, nor be enslaved, for all men are naturally born free…” US Bill of Rights allows for freedom of speech & press; US begins public education; slavery is abolished around the world

Opinion Writing – World History 1 Paragraph: Which Enlightenment thinker do you most agree with? Please Support your opinions with evidence. Consider topics such as: Human nature- is it good or evil? What is the purpose of government? What is the best form of government?

Activity in Pairs – Pick 2 Enlightenment thinkers to have a “conversation.” between. (Examples shown) You may use any type of social media: twitter, instagram, facebook, snapchat, etc. Conversation must explain the enlightenment thinkers POV and also have an element of humor. American I