Key to the management of intellectual property in digital media Europe-China Conference on Intellectual Property in Digital Media Shanghai Oct Norman Paskin NAMING AND MEANING T E R T I U S L t d

Assigning an identifier to a referent Identifier: unique persistent alphanumeric string (“number”, “name”, “lexical token”) specifying a referent –Unique: one to many: an identifier specifies one and only one referent (but a referent may have more than one identifier) –Persistent: once assigned, does not change referent Resolution: process by which an identifier is input to a network service which returns its associated referent and/or descriptive information about it (metadata). Referent: the object which is identified by the identifier, whether or not resolution returns that object. Object: any entity within the scope of the identifier system. –may be abstract, physical or digital, since all these forms of entity are of relevance in content management (e.g. creations, resources, agreements, people, organisations) Naming

First class naming: Digital Object Architecture –“Digital information needs to be a first class citizen in the networked environment” (Kahn/Wilensky 1995) First class = one that has an identity independent of any other item Handle system –Part of the Digital Object Architecture: a system for persistent naming for digital objects and other resources on the Internet, and efficiently resolving those names to data DOI (Digital Object Identifier) system –One application of the Handle System, which adds to it additional features – social and technical infrastructure, policies, metadata management. Internet –the global information system that is logically linked by a globally unique address space and communications using TCP/IP and provides high level services layered on these (or successors) –Not DNS; not the Web (includes P2P, voip, etc) DNS: Domain Name System –maps domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. Naming

Granularity: the extent to which a collection of information has been subdivided for purposes of identification (e.g. a collection; a book; tables and figures) –Functional Granularity : it should be possible to identify an entity whenever it needs to be distinguished Precisely what is being named? –The work “Robinson Crusoe”? –The Norton edition of “Robinson Crusoe”? –The pdf version of the Norton edition of…. ? –The pdf version of…held on this server…? –Most digital objects of interest have compound form, simultaneously embodying several referents –Resolution of an identifier may give the referent, or only metadata; or a “manifestation” Resolution of an identifier –Persistence: “get me the right thing” –Contextual resolution: “get me the thing that is right for me” –Appropriate copy resolution (e.g. OpenURL context-sensitive linking): same content in different contexts –Full contextual resolution (e.g. DVIA): different content in different contexts What is being named?

DNS is current basis of resolution of web-based identifiers –URL: not a first class name; an attribute: a location of a file on the WWW specification allows addressing by full path to host ( IP address); rarely used. if the content of the file is moved, the URL link won't find it ("404 not found", or manual redirection, or automated redirection which may not persist). if the content, but not location, of the file is changed, a user may not know this. –URN: naming convention for the content of files. Specification independent of technologies; but DNS the only present technique No widely standardised ways of using this: can't type URNs into browsers except in certain special circumstances. –URI: collective name for URN and URL schemes. Not the basis of other non-web identifiers – e.g. Skype names DNS not a good general-purpose name system –Does not meet requirements of first class name + appropriate granularity –Not first class names: all URIs at one location have to be ultimately managed by the same domain name owner, which makes URLs brittle for any piece of content which could possibly change owners –No granularity of administration per name by anyone other than a network administrator –URLs are grouped by domain name and then by some hierarchical structure, originally based on file trees, now possibly unconnected from that but still a hierarchy –problems of security and updating and internationalisation –Potential scalability in the face of new technologies Resolution

What is the problem? Managing information in the Net over very long periods of time: –centuries or more Dealing with very large amounts of information in the Net over time When information, its location(s) and the underlying systems may change dramatically over time Respecting and protecting rights, interests and value Allow for –arbitrary types of information systems –dynamic formatting and data typing –interoperability between multiple different information systems –metadata schema to be identified and typed Solution to this problem was put forward as Digital Object Architecture (Kahn/Wilensky 1995+) and has been successfully developed and deployed

–Digital Objects (DOs) Structured data, independent of creation platform Consisting of “elements” of the form One of which is its unique, persistent identifier –Resolution of Unique Identifiers Maps an identifier into “state information” about the DO Identifiers are known as “Handles” –Format is “prefix/suffix” (e.g /1234) –Prefix is unique to a naming authority –Suffix can be any string of bits assigned by that authority –Handle System is a general purpose resolution system –Repositories from which DOs may be accessed –Metadata Registries Repositories that contain general information about DOs Supports multiple metadata schemes Can map queries into unique DO specifications (via handles) Digital Object Architecture

URL2http://a-books.com/…. DLS9acme/repository HS_ADMIN100acme.admin/jsmith XYZ Handle data HandleData type Index /456URL1http://acme.com/…. Handles resolve to typed data

Part of the Digital Object Architecture: (Bob Kahn) Basic resolution system for Internet: identify objects, not servers. Optimized for speed, reliability, scaling (compared to DNS) Open, well-defined protocol and data model (RFC 3650,1,2) –Free protocol; service at cost (non-profit); –freely available to be used as engine underneath other named identifiers. Separation of control of the handle and who runs the servers –distributed administration, granularity at the handle level Any Unicode character set –China: CNNIC (.CN registrar) has integrated DNS and handle All transactions can be secure and certified –own PKI as an option Not all data public: individual values within a handle can be private. No semantics in the identifier Logically centralized, physically distributed and highly scalable Does not need DNS, but can work with DNS: –deployed via tools e.g http proxies, client plug-ins, server software, etc Handle System

Provides infrastructure for application domains, e.g., digital libraries & publishing, network management, id management... Library of Congress DTIC (Defense Technical Information Center) IDF (International DOI Foundation) –CrossRef (scholarly journal consortium) –Office of Publications of the European Community –CAL (Copyright Agency Ltd - Australia) –MEDRA (Multilingual European DOI Registration Agency) –Nielsen BookData (bibliographic data - ISBN) –R.R. Bowker (bibliographic data - ISBN) –German National Library of Science and Technology etc NTIS (National Technical Information Service) D-Space (MIT + HP) ADL (DoD Advanced Distributed Learning initiative) Several Digital Library projects (eg ARROW) In development: Globus Alliance (for GRID computing) Handle System usage

Assigned Prefixes –DOI 2028 –DSpace 453 –Other apps 406 Handles –DOI 25+ M –Other: additional millions (total per prefix known only to prefix manager; e.g. LANL adding 600M but privately) Global Handle System –Core: three service sites (added locations being considered) –c. 50 million direct resolutions per month –c. 50 million proxy server resolutions Handle System usage

The DOI System DOI (Digital Object Identifier) system: Initially developed from the publishing industry but now wider Currently being standardised in ISO (TC46/SC9) the home of ISBN etc “content identifers” One application of the Handle System adds to it additional features – social and technical infrastructure, policies, metadata management.

Data Model for declaring meaning Naming scheme and resolution Policies doi>

Naming scheme and resolution The Handle System An identifier “container” e.g. – /NP5678 – /ISBN – / ISO-DOI Resolve from DOI to data –Initially resolve to location (URL) – persistence –May be to multiple data: Multiple locations Metadata Services Extensible

DOI policies Implementation through International DOI Foundation Not-for-profit body: federation of appointed agencies –Governance and agreed scope, policy, “rules of the road” –Technical infrastructure: resolution mechanism, proxy servers, mirrors, back-up, central dictionary, –Social infrastructure: persistence commitments, fall-back procedures, cost- recovery (self-sustaining), shared use of IDF tools etc Registration agencies –Each can develop own applications –Any business model –Use in “own brand” ways appropriate for their community

Data Model for declaring meaning DOI Data Model = Metadata tools: –a data dictionary to define –a grouping mechanism to relate Necessary for interoperability Able to use existing metadata –Mapped using a standard dictionary –Can describe any entity at any level of granularity See “DOI and data dictionaries”

Assigning metadata to a referent, to enable semantic interoperability –“say what the referent is” –Resolution of an identifier may give the referent, or only metadata; or a “manifestation” Semantic: –Do two identifiers from different schemes actually denote the same referent? –If A says “owner” and B says “owner”, are they referring to the same thing? –If A says “released” and B says “disseminated”, do they mean different things? Interoperability: the ability for identifiers to be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner –Identifiers assigned in one context may be encountered, and may be re- used, in another place or time - without consulting the assigner. You can’t assume that your assumptions made on assignment will be known to someone else. Persistence = interoperability with the future Meaning

Tools to ensure meaning Basis: “Interoperability of Data in E-Commerce Systems” (indecs) : Focus: generic intellectual property and how to make data about it interoperable Who: EC + groups from the content, author, creator, library, publisher and rights communities What: Pioneered a model of event-based metadata as a solution for integrating management of rights. Led to: a structured ontology (data dictionary); tools for mapping terms precisley; inference tools etc: –contextual ontology architecture

Metadata scheme e.g. ONIX Metadata scheme e.g. LOM Agreed term-by- term mapping or “Crosswalk”

Metadata scheme e.g. ONIX Metadata scheme e.g. LOM

Metadata scheme e.g. ONIX Metadata scheme e.g. LOM ONIX:Author = NormanRights:Writer Metadata Scheme NormanRights Term “Author” Term “Writer”

Metadata interoperability: semantic problems Mappings are not simple: Different names (and languages) for the same thing (Author vs Writer) Same name for different things (title, Title) Data elements at different levels of speciality (title vs FullTitle, AlternativeTitle). Different allowed values for elements (“pii” vs “not pii”) Data at different levels of granularity (journal_article vs SerialArticleWork/SerialArticleVersion). Data in different structures (article as attribute of journal or vice versa). Data from different sources (local codes vs ONIX codes). Different contextual meaning (DOI of what…?) Different representation (1 title vs n titles). Different mandatory requirements (ISSN mandatory vs optional) Schemas are being updated all the time..... etc. To manage all of this requires a coherent structured approach.

Contextual analysis Agent PlaceTime Resource Norman Paskin Shanghai IPDMShanghai.ppt

Agent PlaceTime Resource Event: Norman Paskin presented ppt in Shanghai on 18 Oct 2006 Contextual analysis

Tools to ensure meaning Contextual Ontology approach is used in: ISO MPEG-21 Rights Data Dictionary ( DOI Data Dictionary ( ) DDEX digital data exchange - music industry ( ONIX: Book industry (+) messaging schemas ( ) Rightscom’s OntologyX - licensee of output, plus own work on tools ( ) Digital Library Federation - communication of licence terms (ERMI: ONIX for licensing terms) ACAP: Content Access ( ) etc

Naming and Meaning Naming: prerequisite for management of digital information entities –name and manage information in the form of digital objects –naming conventions for identifying (first class naming) –service for using object names to locate and disseminate objects –infrastructure for extensible distributed digital information services –agnostic as to technology (web, mobile, P2P, etc) - assumes only the existence of the internet protocol (or successors) Meaning: prerequisite for enabling digital information entities to interact –interoperability and digital policy management –semantic interoperability: building on the indecs (interoperability of data in e-commerce systems) principles –deployment of a context-based ontology mapping.

Key to the management of intellectual property in digital media Norman Paskin NAMING AND MEANING T E R T I U S L t d