1. Managing Digital Objects on the Net by Robert E. Kahn Corporation for National Research Initiatives Reston, Virginia National Online 2001 New York City May 15, 2001

2. Digital Libraries & Publishing Content is Everything Rights, Interests & Value Prevails Technologists design & develop systems Lawyers control the use of content Copyright Law governs Systems must implement policy Policy is directly impacted by technology Collaboration is the name of the game

3. Issues to Consider What can you do with information accessed on the network? How do you know that the information has not been altered in some material way? How can you (as an owner) control your information in the network environment? Must you retain physical copies for archival purposes and for authenticity?

4. Business Potential Selling infrastructure technology & services Enabling Third Party value-added capabilities Helping organizations manage their own information better & offer new types of services Stimulating access to “surface information” and “embedded information” with appropriate access controls and conditions of use

5. Objective of the Framework Internet objective Best-effort Packet Delivery Heterogeneous Networks Information Systems Seamless Interoperability Networks Information Systems Federating Heterogeneous Systems

6. A Digital Library Example Any material stored anywhere is accessible the same way local material is accessible No fanfare about manifesting the material No limitations on time-frame if the material and its supporting systems are “managed” Framework incorporates search & creation but defers on defining it for now Encourages third-party value-added services

7. Further Scoping the Problem Complexity of Query Time to Resolve Query Initial Focus on Queries with Complexity = Zero

8. Key Attributes of the Infrastructure Structured Information as Digital Objects Persistent, unique and resolvable identifiers Repositories to store Digital Objects “Terms & Conditions” for each Digital Object supplied by the “owner” of the object Integrated in an open-architecture System In a communications network environment

9. Nature of the Repository Not like a bookshelf or a pantry More like a service-oriented restaurant One can “deposit” & “access” digital objects Deposit produces a “stored digital object” Access results in a “communications service” that disseminates information Like restaurant ordering results in a culinary service which results in an eating experience

10. Repository Access Other Repositories Repositories can be digital objects Access means run a defined service on a specified digital object Disseminations appear as digital objects Digital objects come into existence for a user group by having a handle that can be accurately resolved by that group and by being stored in a repository accessible by that group Digital Object Property Record Transaction Record Manifest Mechanisms Deposit (H,Svc)Access (H,Svc) Repository

11. Interactions between Repositories Repository ARepository B User’s Computer Stored Digital Object

12. Nesting of Repositories Core Structure ContentAggregation & De-aggregation Core Interface must be present at each level Other levels could be separately defined later

13. Digital Objects as Structured Information Works are incorporeal Copies are material objects than embody structured information A “Book” is a way of structuring information A copy of a Book can be produced as “ink on paper” A “Digital Object” is another way of structuring information

14. Digital Object Structuring Every Digital Object consists of a set of typed bit sequences Headers Handle Bit sequence Bit Sequence Header1 ==> Ver;DT of Dissem; Orig of Dissem; TTL Header 2 ==> Ver;DT of Deposit;Orig of Deposit; TTL Element Handle is the first Bit Sequence Digital Object Bit Sequence ==> Types are resolvable

15. MetaObjects & Metadata Registries MetaObjects provide a structural basis for indirection and for organizing information Metadata is used to characterize digital objects, to access their identifiers and to assist in cross referencing Metadata Registries provide uniform access to metadata.

16. The Handle System Distributed name service based on open standard that is scalable, extendable, and efficient First general purpose indirection system on the Internet to provide user-defined state information - optimized for speed & reliability Can be used to locate repositories that contain digital objects given their handles More generally, can be used to provide indirect references and other rapid lookup information

17. Handle System Features Full featured name service that supports both name resolution and administration Internationalized namespace that supports non-ASCII native characters Secured name service that supports both client/server authentication, service integrity, and confidentiality Persistence namespace that separates the name of any underlying digital object from its location

18. Handle Format Naming Authority Item ID (any format) Prefix Suffix In use, a Handle is an opaque string. Corporation For National Research Initiatives 2304568.40/12345678

19. Handles Resolve to Typed Data Handle data 2304568.40/12345678 URLhttp://www.loc.gov/..... HandleData type RAPloc/repository URLhttp://www.loc2.gov/.. Extensible Data Types XYZ1001110011110 Just one example - also looks like a digital object Handles can also have semantics but we frown on it! Resolution is independent of semantics in every instance Handle Record

20. Handle Resolution HS1HS2HS3HS4 Insert, Delete, Change Handle Record for Ha Resolve Handle for Hb Handle Servers (Handles are uniformly spread by hashing) Handle Servers

21. Administration of Handle Records univ/thesis.txt1217/4913527univ/49135271217/thesis.txt univ.csl.17.2 (the handles shown above identify digital objects) univ1217 univ.csl.17 univ.csl 1217.34 1217.34.1

22. Groups of Handle Servers P S S S S Group AGroup B Group CGroup D

23. Repositories & Digital Objects REPOSITORY IPv6 Each Digital Object has its own unique & persistent ID Content Providers want to assign Ids Could be upwards of millions of DOs per Repository

24. CORDS Copyright Office Registration, Recordation & Deposit System Allows on-line Registration of claims to copyright Permits qualified external repositories Retains signed applications with fingerprints of submitted digital objects

25. Federated Repositories Key issue is commonality of interests in accessing information from multiple repositories. Financial Information is prime applications area Metadata Registries allow for searching based on “user-supplied” inputs. The use of handles (however branded) can simplify access. Access via local repositories is an operational desirable capability.

26. Archival Systems The Digital Object Infrastructure provides a structural basis for the development of archival systems It provides a solid conceptual basis for the development of “federated repositories” It lends itself to long-term efficiencies as archived information is ported from platform to platform with evolution of the technology

27. Conclusions Managing Digital Objects is the challenge Technology Components are available from R&D Robust Versions are needed for industry acceptance - needs commercialization Applications (with user-friendly interfaces) need to be developed & deployed Which can fundamentally alter the net, how it is used and its impact on business and society