Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands Help from Abroad - France is still bitter about losing all North American holdings to England in the French & Indian War, and they are reluctant to publicly become an ally of the American colonies - simply put, France did not want to lose to England a 2nd time - after America’s victory at Saratoga, King Louis XVI of France signed the treaty of alliance with the United States: 1. France will go to war against England 2. They will recognize U.S. independence King Louis XVI

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands 3. They will send funds, supplies, and troops to America 4. The will persuade their ally, Spain, to help the Americans - the victory at Saratoga proved to other countries that we could beat England!

Taught the U.S. to build forts & trenches effectively. Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands Europeans Help Washington Name From Contribution Bernardo de Galvez Spain Spanish governor of Louisiana – captured British forts in lower Mississippi Valley & West Florida to prevent British from attacking U.S. from southwest and to keep thousands of British troops occupied instead of fighting the Americans. Tadeusz Koscuiszko Poland Taught the U.S. to build forts & trenches effectively.

A general for Washington who was extremely brave. Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands Name From Contribution Marquis de Lafayette France A 19 year old who fought with Washington & bought uniforms for soldiers with his own money – Washington regarded him almost as a son. Baron de Kalb Germany A general for Washington who was extremely brave. Baron Von Steuben Trained all our troops in the use of weaponry (bayonets) & soldier skills. Gave them a sense of pride & self-respect.

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands Winter at Valley Forge - the American encampment during the winter of 1777-1778 - Washington & his men were forced by British General Howe to camp at Valley Forge in Southeastern Pennsylvania - ¼ of them died from: 1. malnutrition 2. exposure to cold 3. disease - many had no shoes or clothes and had their legs amputated from frostbite - many soldiers deserted or went AWOL during this tough time

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands General George Washington enduring the winter with his troops at Valley Forge…

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands - read all three excerpts on the Valley Forge handout & answer the accompanying four questions - try to put yourself in George Washington’s place for question #2

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands War on the Frontier - George Rogers Clark defended the Western Frontier (today in Illinois & Indiana) - in May of 1778, Clark & 200 frontiersmen captured British posts at Kaskaskia & Cahokia - then, they took Vincennes (Indiana) by sneaking through swamps & executing Native Americans in front of the fort for the British to see

Site of Fort Kaskaskia, Illinois Site of Fort Cahokia, Illinois Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands Site of Fort Kaskaskia, Illinois Site of Fort Cahokia, Illinois

The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands the taking of Fort Sackville The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana

The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana

The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands The Memorial at Vincennes, Indiana

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands War at Sea - Americans hired privateers to attack British ships, take cargo, sell it, and share the profits with the colonists - these privateers disrupted trade causing some British to call for an end to the Revolutionary War - over 1,000 privateers were hired to prey on the British!

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands - many people were willing to work on privateer ships as volunteers - James Forten, a 14-year-old African American was a privateer volunteer who was captured by the British after his ship, the Royal Louis, was taken - after his release, he walked home from New York to Philadelphia barefoot (the British offered him a free trip to England but he refused because he loved being a free American) James Forten

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands A Naval Hero - England had the most powerful navy in the world - in 1779, John Paul Jones commanded the American Warship, Bonhomme (Bonom) Richard - he engaged the British Warship, Serapis and was quoted as saying, “I have not yet begun to fight!” when told to surrender by the British John Paul Jones

Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands - as Bonhomme Richard sank, Jones & his men jumped onto the Serapis and continued fighting until they won!!! - John Paul Jones became known as the “Father of the American Navy”

The Bonhomme Richard vs. the Serapis (1779) Ch.7, Sec.2 – The War Expands The Bonhomme Richard vs. the Serapis (1779)