AMERICANS JOIN THE ALLIES SEC. 23-3 Define: Convoy - Conscientious objector- armistice Identify: Gen. John Pershing – Alvin York Explain major battles in WWI after America joins the war in 1917.

SUPPLYING THE ALLIES US began to provide food – war supplies to Allied nations US helped Britain find and destroy German submarines Convoys –( teams of navy destroyers – group that travels with a ship to protect it) –escorted merchant ships across the Atlantic

EASTERN FRONT Russians & Serbians battled Austria-Hungary, Turks and Germans. At outbreak of war, Russian forces penetrated both A/H and Germany. Aug. 1914- Germans crushed invading Russians –pushed back into Russia. Russia short on food, guns, boots, blankets Had large population to refill ranks of army. Will tie up Germans at eastern front lines – Russians will lose over 1 million soldiers by July 1916. Bulgaria will join Central Powers in Oct. 1915 to defeat Serbia

OTTOMAN FRONT Oct. 1914 – Ottoman Turks joined Central Powers. By Feb. 1915, British and French forces struck the Dardanelles Strait (Black & Medit. Sea)- “Gallipoli campaign “. Allies hoped to open straits for much needed supplies to Russia. Failed after one year attempt. British later get help from Arab nationalists eager to revolt against Turkish overlords. Allied forces took control of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus.

SUMMARIZE Vocab term that means a team of navy destroyers that protects a ship headed to a trading port. Which country’s army was running low on food and supplies? Which country’s army could easily refill ranks due to large population? What country did Allies try to get supplies by opening up the Dardanelles Strait in the Black and Mediterranean Sea?

ITALIAN FRONT May 1915 – Italy joined the Allied Powers Italian army poorly equipped –public opinion divided on whom to support Italy diverted some Austrian forces from the war in the east. Allies promised to give Italy some of Austria-Hungary after the war.

WAR IN ASIA AND AFRICA Japan declared war on Germany shortly after the war broke out. Japanese quickly overran German possessions in China and captured most of Germany’s Pacific island colonies In Africa, British and French armies conquered most of Germany’s possessions. Germany holds on to German East Africa ( today area of Tunisia)

RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WWI Dec. 1917 – V. Lenin pulls Russia out Focus on setting up new Communist state Mar. 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Russia surrenders Poland ,Ukraine and other territories to Germany – Germans move thousands of troops from Eastern front to the Western front

SUMMARIZE Which country was promised land from Austria-Hungary being divided? In China, Japan began to take what country’s colonies? In Africa, Britain & France took what country’s possessions? What country withdrew from the war in 1917?

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR Gen. John “Blackjack” Pershing commander of American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) Arrive in France with 250,000 troops a month Fr. Gen. Marshall Foch used Americans to fill his ranks German army was within 50 miles of Paris and growing weaker every day American troops reach Paris – July 4, 1917. They brought freshness and enthusiasm to war front. Pershing believed AEF would be better fighting on own. Pushed Germans back – Germans will use “Big Berthas”-enormous guns hurling shells 75 miles.

BATTLES AT END OF WAR Chateau-Thierry Belleau Wood –June 1918 – forest – fought solid wall of German machine guns 2nd Battle of the Marne – July-Aug. 1918 – Turning point in the war Saint Mihiel and Meuse Argonne – Sept. 1918 Americans faces miles of barbed wire – broke through Hindenberg line. Germans lost all territory it had gained since spring. American Hero – Alvin York (Tenn) – conscientious objector (opposed to war on moral ground) killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners

FIGHTING ENDS Allies won victories on all fronts in fall of 1918 Bulgaria surrendered Sept. 29th Ottoman Empire signed armistice ( peace agreement to stop fighting) on Oct. 30th A/H signed on Nov. 3rd. German Kaiser Wilhelm fled to Holland – Nov. 9th Nov. 11,1918 – 11am – cease fire declared End of WWI

RESULTS OF WWI Nearly 10 million soldiers died Over 21 million wounded – 10 million became refugees Over 10 million civilians died of starvation, disease or exposure 1918 – in US over 500,000 died from influenza brought home from France Historians believe the influenza virus killed as many as 40 million worldwide.

SUMMARIZE Who was commander of American Expeditionary Forces? Which battle was the turning point ? Who was the American hero who captured Germans as prisoners? What is a conscientious objector? What vocab word means a peace agreement to stop fighting? When did the WWI end?