3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 1 of 51 Part IVPrinciples of Radiation Protection and the International Framework Module 2The Role of International Organizations in Radiation Protection Session 2ICRP and ICRU Session IV.2.2 IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 2 of 51  We will discuss the mission of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)  We will also discuss the mission of the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) Overview

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 3 of 51 ICRP Mission The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent Registered Charity, established to advance for the public benefit the science of radiological protection, in particular by providing recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection against ionising radiation

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 4 of 51  Is an advisory body providing recommendations and guidance on radiation protection  Was founded in 1928 by the International Society of Radiology (ISR, the professional society of radiologist physicians)  Was then called the ‘International X ‑ ray and Radium Protection Committee’ ICRP

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 5 of 51  Was restructured to better take account of uses of radiation outside the medical area, and given its present name in 1950  Is an Independent Registered Charity (a ‘not ‑ for ‑ profit organisation’) in the United Kingdom; and Currently has its small Scientific Secretariat in Sweden ICRP

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 6 of 51 ICRP In preparing recommendations, ICRP considers the fundamental principles and quantitative bases upon which appropriate radiation protection measures can be established, while leaving to the various national protection bodies the responsibility of formulating the specific advice, codes of practice, or regulations that are best suited to the needs of their individual countries

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 7 of 51 ICRP  ICRP offers its recommendations to regulatory and advisory agencies and provides advice intended to be of help to management and professional staff with responsibilities for radiological protection  While ICRP has no formal power to impose its proposals on anyone, legislation in most countries adheres closely to ICRP recommendations.

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 8 of 51 ICRP  Originally, ICRP published recommendations and advice as papers in various scientific journals in the fields of medicine and physics  Since 1959, ICRP has its own series of publications (since 1977 they are published as the Annals of the ICRP)

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 9 of 51 ICRP  ICRP is composed of a Main Commission and four standing Committees:  Radiation effects  Doses from radiation exposure  Protection in medicine  the Application of ICRP recommendations  The Main Commission consists of twelve members and a Chairman  Committees typically comprise 15 ‑ 20 members

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 10 of 51 ICRP  ICRP uses Task Groups (performing defined tasks) and Working Parties (developing ideas) to prepare its reports  A Task Group usually contains a majority of specialists from outside the ICRP membership  Thus, ICRP is an independent international network of specialists in various fields of radiological protection  At any one time, about one hundred eminent scientists are actively involved in the work of ICRP

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 11 of 51 88Doses to the Embryo and Fetus from Intakes of Radionuclides by the Mother, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 31/1 ‑ 3, Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 30/4, Prevention of Accidents to Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 30/3, Avoidance of Radiation Injuries from Medical Interventional Procedures, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 30/2, 2001 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 12 of 51 84Pregnancy and Medical Radiation, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 30/1, Risk Estimation for Multifactorial Diseases, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 29/3 ‑ 4, Protection of the Public in Situations of Prolonged Radiation Exposure, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 29/1 ‑ 2, Radiation Protection Recommendations as Applied to the Disposal of Long ‑ lived Solid Radioactive Waste, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 28/4, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 28/3, 1999 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 13 of 51 79Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 28/1 ‑ 2, Individual Monitoring for Internal Exposure of Workers, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 27/3 ‑ 4, Radiological Protection Policy for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 27 Supplement, Protection from Potential Exposures: Application to Selected Radiation Sources, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 27/2, General Principles for the Radiation Protection of Workers, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 27/1, 1997 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 14 of 51 74Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 26/3, Radiological Protection and Safety in Medicine, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 26/2, Age ‑ dependent Doses to the Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 5, Compilation of Ingestion and Inhalation Coefficients, Age ‑ dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 4, Inhalation Dose Coefficients, 1996 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 15 of 51 70Basic Anatomical & Physiological Data for use in Radiological Protection: The Skeleton, Age ‑ dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 3 Ingestion Dose Coefficients, Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Age ‑ dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 2 Ingestion Dose Coefficients, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 23/3 ‑ 4, Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 24/1 ‑ 3, 1994 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 16 of 51 65Protection Against Radon ‑ 222 at Home and at Work, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 23/2, Protection from Potential Exposure: A Conceptual Framework, Principles for Intervention for Protection of the Public in a Radiological Emergency, Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research (Also includes Addendum 1 to ICRP Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, and a Summary of the current ICRP Principles for Protection of the Patient in Diagnostic Radiology), 1993 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 17 of 51 60Recommandations ICRP (French Edition of ICRP 60, 1990 Recommendations), Annals of the ICRP Vol. 20/1, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection ‑ Users' Edition, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 21/1 ‑ 3, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 21/1 ‑ 3, The Biological Basis for Dose Limitation in the Skin, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 22/2, 1992 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 18 of 51 58RBE for Deterministic Effects, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 20/4, Age ‑ dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 1, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 20/2, Optimization and Decision ‑ Making in Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 20/1, Individual Monitoring for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers: Design and Interpretation, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 19/1 ‑ 3, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 18/1 ‑ 4, 1988 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 19 of 51 52Protection of the Patient in Nuclear Medicine, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 17/ Data for Use in Protection Against External Radiation, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 17/2 ‑ 3, Developmental Effects of Irradiation on the Brain of the Embryo and Fetus, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 16/4, Radiation Protection of Workers in Mines, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 16/1, Radiation Protection Principles for the Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste, Annals of the ICRP Vol 15/4, 1986 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 20 of 51 45Quantitative Bases for Developing a Unified Index of Harm, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 15/3, Protection of the Patient in Radiation Therapy, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 15/2, Principles of Monitoring for the Radiation Protection of the Public, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 15/1, Nonstochastic Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 14/3, Radionuclide Transformations: Energy and Intensity of Emissions, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 11 ‑ 13, 1983 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 21 of 51 36Protection Against Ionizing Radiation in the Teaching of Science, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 10/1, Protection of the Patient in Diagnostic Radiology, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 9/2, Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers: Part 4 (An Addendum), Annals of the ICRP Vol. 19/4, Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers: Index, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 8/4, Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Supplements A & B to Part 3, Annals of the ICRP, SUPP A Vol. 7/1 ‑ 3 & SUPP B Vol. 8/1 ‑ 3, 1982 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 22 of 51 30Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Part 3, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 6/2 ‑ 3, Limits for Intake of Radionuclides by Workers, Supplement to Part 2, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 5/1 ‑ 6, Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Part 2, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 4/3 ‑ 4, Limits for the Intake of Radionuclides by Workers, Part 1, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 2/3 ‑ 4, The Principles and General Procedures for Handling Emergency and Accidental Exposure of Workers, 1978 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 23 of 51 23Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics, Risks Associated with Ionising Radiations, Annals of the ICRP Vol. 22/1, The RBE for High ‑ LET Radiations with Respect to Mutagenesis, 1972 ICRP Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 24 of 51 ICRU The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) was established in 1925 by the International Congress of Radiology

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 25 of 51 ICRU  Since its inception, it has had as its principal objective the development of internationally acceptable recommendations regarding:  quantities and units of radiation and radioactivity  procedures suitable for the measurement and application of these quantities in diagnostic radiology, radiation therapy, radiation biology, and industrial operations  physical data needed in the application of these procedures, the use of which tends to assure uniformity in reporting

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 26 of 51 The ICRU endeavors to collect and evaluate the latest data and information pertinent to the problems of radiation measurement and dosimetry, and to recommend in its publications the most acceptable values and techniques for current use ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 27 of 51  Measurement of radiation is a complex subject and is a science in itself  Users of radiation who need to make radiation measurements cannot be expected to become experts in this particular field  The ICRU provides authoritative guidance on how to deal with the measurement problems connected with their particular use of radiation ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 28 of 51  Guidance on measurements as diverse as those involved in measuring the radiations used in medical practice and the exotic radiations found in space has been provided by the ICRU  The ICRU is recognized as a source of authoritative recommendations on all types of radiation measurement problems ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 29 of 51  The Commission utilizes the freely volunteered services of physicians, scientists and engineers who participate in its program through service on the Commission or on working groups engaged in the development of guidance and recommendation  They are drawn from the leading universities, laboratories and agencies throughout the world ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 30 of 51  These individuals, because of their training, talent and experience in radiation matters, constitute a resource of inestimable value  Their abilities are brought to bear on current problems in service of the public interest ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 31 of 51  The first task of the ICRU on its founding in 1925 was to devise a unit of radiation that would make it possible to develop cancer treatment  The ICRU provided a set of quantities and concepts that met the need and facilitated development in medical applications ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 32 of 51 In recent times, the Commission has addressed the complex problems of assessing radiation exposure for protection purposes developing a set of quantities and units which facilitates comparison of exposures with established limits ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 33 of 51  The Commission consists of thirteen Members and is assisted by some twenty Report Committees  These committees of four to eight members produce draft reports on specific subjects which are then reviewed by the Commission  The non ‑ profit operation of the ICRU strengthens the Commission’s position as an independent body ICRU

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 34 of 51 Current Program Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine:  Radiation is essential in modern medicine for diagnosis and clinical management of many kinds of illness  Diagnostic imaging has become increasingly complex, and manipulation of image information requires common concepts, terminology, and measurement methodology essential for the benefit of the patient to assure maximum diagnostic information with minimum potential risk

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 35 of 51 Current Program Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine:  Currently activities involve the preparation of new reports on ROC analysis in medical imaging, image quality assessment in nuclear medicine, bone densitometry, image quality assessment in chest radiography, assessment of image quality in mammography, dosimetric procedures in diagnostic radiology, and dose specification in nuclear medicine

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 36 of 51 Radiation Therapy:  The successful radiation treatment of cancer depends on knowledge of the precise amount and location of radiation given to a patient and the opportunity for therapists to exchange information on the results attained  The ability to compare clinical results achieved in different centers using different radiation modalities and protocols necessitates a common language for reporting fractionation schedules, doses, and techniques Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 37 of 51 Radiation Protection:  Protection of personnel working with radiation relies on careful measurement as does the protection of the public and the environment  Because of diversity in exposures in both routine and accident conditions, internationally accepted measurement conventions are required for assessment of irradiation of individuals and for monitoring of the environment Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 38 of 51 Radiation Protection:  Specialized quantities and reference data are needed for correlation of individual exposures and associated risk  The ICRU developed a conceptual basis for the definition of operational quantities for area and individual monitoring used in the assessment of compliance with exposure limitations Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 39 of 51 Radiation Protection:  Work is underway on reports for  determination of body burdens for radionuclides  measurement of operational quantities for neutrons  requirements for radioecological sampling  retrospective assessment of exposure to ionizing radiation Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 40 of 51 Radiation in Science:  Three fundamental areas for basic science:  quantities and units of radiation and radioactivity should be defined clearly and sensibly for effective communication  techniques and instruments for radiation measurements need to be standardized for optimal performance  basic physical data concerning interactions of radiation with matter must be established optimally in the light of the latest scientific results and updated continuously Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 41 of 51 Radiation in Science:  These data are necessary in research on mechanisms of physical, chemical, and biological changes induced by radiation, as well as in application to medicine, industry, and radiation risk assessment  Currently, work is underway on reports treating quantities, units and terms in radioecology, absorbed dose standards for photon irradiation, stopping powers for heavy ions, dosimetry systems for radiation processing, elastic scattering of electrons and positrons, and measurement quality assurance for ionizing radiation Current Program

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 42 of 51 67Absorbed ‑ Dose Specification in Nuclear Medicine (2002), Journal of the ICRU, vol.2 no.1 66Determination of Operational Dose Equivalent Quantities for Neutrons (2001), Journal of the ICRU, vol.1 no.3 65Quantities, Units and Terms in Radioecology (2001), Journal of the ICRU, vol.1 no.2 64Dosimetry of High ‑ Energy Photon Beams Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water (2001), Journal of the ICRU, vol.1 no.1 63Nuclear Data for Neutron and Proton Radiotherapy and for Radiation Protection with Data CD (2000) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 43 of 51 62Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50) (1999) 61Tissues Substitutes, Phantoms and Computation Modelling in Medical Ultrasound (1999) 60Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation (1998) 59Clinical Proton Dosimetry – Part I: Beam Production, Beam Delivery and Measurement of Absorbed Dose (1998) 58Dose and Volume Specification for Reporting Interstitial Therapy (1997) 57Conversion Coefficients for Use in Radiological Protection Against External Radiation (1998) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 44 of 51 56Dosimetry of External Beta Rays for Radiation Protection (1997) 55Secondary Electron Spectra from Charged Particle Interactions (1996) 54Medical Imaging ‑ The Assessment of Image Quality (1996) 53Gamma ‑ Ray Spectrometry in the Environment (1995) 52Particle Counting in Radioactivity Measurements (1994) 51Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry (1993) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 45 of 51 50Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (1993) 49Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles (1993) 49DStopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles, with Data Disk of Tabulated Values (1993) 48Phantoms and Computational Models in Therapy, Diagnosis and Protection (1993) 47Measurement of Dose Equivalents from External Photon and Electron Radiations (1992) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 46 of 51 46Photon, Electron, Proton and Neutron Interaction Data for Body Tissues (1992) 46DPhoton, Electron, Proton and Neutron Interaction Data for Body Tissues, with Data Disk of Tabulated Values (1992) 45Clinical Neutron Dosimetry ‑ Part 1: Determination of Absorbed Dose in a Patient treated by External Beams of Fast Neutrons (1989) 44Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement (1989) 43Determination of Dose Equivalents from External Radiation Sources ‑ Part 2 (1988) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 47 of 51 42Use of Computers in External Beam Radiotherapy Procedures with High ‑ Energy Photons and Electrons (1987) 41Modulation Transfer Function of Screen ‑ Film Systems (1986) 40The Quality Factor in Radiation Protection (1986) 39Determination of Dose Equivalents Resulting from External Radiation Sources (1985) 37Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons (1984) 34The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation (1982) 32Methods of Assessment of Absorbed Dose in Clinical Use of Radionuclides (1979) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 48 of 51 31Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair (1979) 30Quantitative Concepts and Dosimetry in Radiobiology (1979) 28Basic Aspects of High Energy Particle Interactions and Radiation Dosimetry (1978) 27An International Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison (1978) 26Neutron Dosimetry for Biology and Medicine (1977) 25Conceptual Basis for the Determination of Dose Equivalent (1976) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 49 of 51 24Determination of Absorbed Dose in a Patient Irradiated by Beams of X or Gamma Rays in Radiotherapy Proce ‑ dures (1976) 23Measurement of Absorbed Dose in a Phantom Irradiated by a Single Beam of X or Gamma Rays (1973) 22Measurement of Low ‑ Level Radioactivity (1972) 20Radiation Protection Instrumentation and Its Application (1971) 18Specification on High Activity Gamma ‑ Ray Sources (1970) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 50 of 51 17Radiation Dosimetry: X Rays Generated at Potentials of 5 to 150 kV (1970) 16Linear Energy Transfer (1970) 15Cameras for Image Intensifier Fluorography (1969) 13Neutron Fluence, Neutron Spectra and Kerma (1969) 12Certification of Standardized Radioactive Sources (1968) 10bPhysical Aspects of Irradiation (1964) ICRU Reports

3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.2 – slide 51 of 51 Where to Get More Information  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)  