Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins

Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info. metabolism

10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Mono di oligo poly saccharides

10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Glucose: ___ C’s aldehyde/ketone Fructose ___ C’s aldehyde/ketone

Stereoisomers # isomers = options positions

9.1 Review of Isomerism

10.2 Monosaccharides Recognizing structural relations: For each of the following pairs of compounds, indicate whether the pair consists of different compounds that are (1) constitutional isomers or (2) stereoisomers that are enantiomers or (3) stereoisomers that are diastereomers or (4) not isomers. (a) D-Glucose and D-mannose (b) D-ribose and D-xylulose (c) D-fructose and D-arabinose (d) D-sorbose and L-sorbose (e) D-sorbose and D-fructose (3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (1) Constitutional isomers; D-ribose is an aldopentose and D-xylulose is a ketopentose (4) Not isomers; D-fructose is a hexose and D- arabinose is a pentose (2) Enantiomers; they are nonsuperimposable mirror images (3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers

10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures Aldoses exist primarily as hemiacetals. Fischer Projection Haworth Projection

10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures Ketoses exist primarily as hemiacetals. Fischer Projection Haworth Projection

10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides - solubility in water ________________ phase at room temp. ________________ highly concentration solutions are ____________ solubility in alcohols ________________ solubility in ethers & hydrocarbons _______________ taste ________________

10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides The Oxidation of the Aldehyde group/Benedicts Test Aldose + Cu 2+  carboxylic acid + Cu 2 O  -hydroxy ketones like fructose are converted to aldoses in the alkaline Benedicts soln, thus give a __________ test.

10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides starch (a polymer) gives a ______________ test Maltose (a disaccharide) gives a ___________ Benedict’s test.

,Linkages and Benedicts Test Review

Ch. 11-What you really need to know … 1) What is a lipid (recognize structure)? 2) What is a fatty acid?(draw structure) 3) Write the reaction for forming a triglyceride and the saponification of a triglyceride. 4) What’s the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? How does that relate to their m.p. and what phase they are at room temperature? 5)Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins?

Roles of Biomolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids- Proteins – Nucleic Acids - Provide energy, precursors to biomolecules, construct cell membranes transmission of genetic info. Catalytic, transport, regulatory, structural, contractile, protective, storage Both Energy fat 9.2 kcal/g carbs 4 kcal/g Variety of roles due to complexity/diversity of structure in protein folding

KEY: Know structure of fatty acids and triglycerides. The rest are simply “mostly nonpolar”

11.2 Fatty Acids Fatty Acid - Almost exclusively the linear (unbranched) acids with even #’s C’s C=C almost always cis

11.2 Fatty Acids Trans-fats?

11.3 The Structure and Physical Properties of Triacylglycerols

11.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols Hydrolysis:

Amino Acid Structure

12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of  -amino acids amino acids can react with themselves to form a zwitterion

12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of  -amino acids pH changes affect the structure of amino acids

12.3 Peptides Peptide – Polypeptide – Protein – peptide formation: a polyamide formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds a few to hundreds/thousands of amino acids Usually 2+ polypeptides (along with other molecules or ions)

12.3 Peptides

12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins Simple Protein – Conjugated Protein

12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins Levels of Structure Primary (1º) Secondary (2 º ) Tertiary (3 º ) Quaternary (4 º ) 3D relation among diff. proteins Amino acid sequence Conformation in a local region When diff. 2 structures in diff. local regions interact

What gives rise to conformation stability 1) Shielding of nonpolar amino acids from water 2) Hydrogen bonding between peptide groups 3) Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids. 4) Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water 5) Disulfide bridges

12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins 3)Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids. a. Hydrophobic attractions b. Hydrogen bonding c. Salt-bridge 4)Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water ex. globular proteins fibrous proteins

12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins What type of attraction would exist between side chains of the following amino acids? a)Pro-His b)Ser-Tyr c)Pro-Phe d)Lys-Glu e)Ser-Val

Positive Test Colors TESTPositive Color Iodine Benedicts Ninhydrin Biuret blue/black red blue purple For starch For a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones For amino group on amino acids For peptide group on proteins

Sudan III  Dissolves in nonpolar solvents (lipids)